Skeletal System

• Long bone features


  they are of a cylinder like shape
• Long bone functions

  • provides support, structure, strength and movement.
  • contain red marrow which is the site of red blood cell production
• Long bone examples

  • Femur
  • Humerus
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Ulna
  • Metatarsals
• Short bone features

  • cube like shape
  • wide
  • long
• Short bone features

  • provides stability, support and some movement
  • contains callceous bone which is covered by a thin layer
• Short bone examples

  • carpals
  • tarsals
• Flat bone features 


  they are thin and curved
• Flat bone functions

  • attachment point for muscles
  • has protective purpouses
  • protects organs
  • contains rigid adjacent bones
  • contains red marrow cavity
• Flat bone examples

  • scapula
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • frontal bone
• Irregular bone features

  • they have a complex shape
  • they consist of callceous bone but contain a thin layer of compact bone
• Irregular bone functions

  • contain anchor points for the attachment of muscles.
  • provide support, stability and some motion.
• Irregular bone examples

  • Vertebrae
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
  • Mandible
• Sesamoid bone features

  • small and round.
  • embedded in tendons.
  • they are grouped with short bones.
• Sesamoid bone features

  • protect muscles and tendons from excessive forces.
  • they cause an increase in effective muscle action.
  • located in the hands and the feet.
• Sesamoid bone examples

  • Patellea
  • Pisiform
• what does the Axial contain

  • The skull has 22 bones which are all fused together but it doesn't include the mandible.
  • The Mandible = the jaw.
  • Children have 21 fixed bones to allow them to grow.
• What is the spine also known as?

  Vertebral column
• Features of the Spine

  • carries head, torso and arm weight.
  • Contains 5 sections.
  • Protects the spinal cord and nerves.
  • Allows the head to move in every direction.
  • The spinal canal protects the spinal cord.
  • Adults have 24 vertebraes.
  • Children have 33 vertebraes.
  • Has an S shape.
• Why do babies have more vertebrae than adults?

  More vertebral bodies are formed in the Sacrum and Coccyx.
• What does the S shape of the Spine do?

  • Helps balance when in an upright position.
  • Acts as a shock absorber when walking.
  • Protects individual's bones.
• What is the abnormal curve of the thoriac spine called?


  Kyphosis
• What is the abnormal curve of the lumbar spine called?

  Lordosis
• What is the abnormal curve which goes side to side called?


  Scoliosis
• What are the 5 sections that are included in the vertebral column?


  Cervical

  Thoriac

  Lumbar

  Sacrum

  Coccyx
• The Cervical Spine

  • This s the most flexible part of the spine.
  • It has 7 vertebraes.
  • It contains axis and atlas.
  • This allows movement.
  • Carries head weight.
• Thoriac spine

  • Stabilised with the ribs.
  • The Sternum and Ribs form the thoriac cage.
• Lumbar spine

  • Second most flexible part of the spine.
  • The largest vertebrae.
  • Has 5 vertebraes.
  • Carries the upper body weight.
• Sacrum spine

  • This connects to the ilium and forms the back wall of the pelvis.
  • Facilitates running, walking and sitting.
  • located in-between the 2 hip bones of the pelvis at the lower part of the spine.
• Coccyx spine

  • Contains attachment points for muscles.
  • Provides weight bearing support when sitting.
• why are optimal vitamin D levels necessary?

  to increase the efficiency of calcium absorption
• where is epiphyseal plate located 


  in children's bones
• what is the epiphyseal plate also known as?


  the growth plate
• what is the epiphyseal plate?


  it is a thin layer of cartilage which lies between the epiphytes and metaphyses.
• where does long bone growth occur?


  in the epiphyseal plate
• what has power has the epiphyseal plate have?


  the power to increase the length of a bone.
• what is sever's disease?


  this is the most common growth of heal pain in growing children.
• symptoms of sever's disease


  • inflammation and pain in the back of the heal.
  • heal pain with limping.
  • swelling and redness around the heal.
  • discomfort or stiffness after sleeping.
• when does sever's disease typically occur?

  it typically occurs in adolescents during periods of rapid growth.
• how is sever's disease treated?


  through:

  • physical therapy.
  • cold ice or ice packs placed on the Child's heal.
  • Tylenol or motion to reduce swelling.
  • a heal cup inserted to cushion the heal.
• what does physical therapy do when treating serve's disease?


  stretches the calf and strengthens the muscles and tendons in the legs.