controversies

• AO2 (application) and AO3 (analysis/ evaluation)

  The assessment objectives for a controversies question are?
• AO1 (description)


  Which assessment objective/ skill is NOT assessed in a controversies question?
• Five


  There are how many controversies?
• Sexism


  Treating a person differently (and usually more poorly) based on their gender.
• Invisibility of Women


  A term from the sexism controversy referring to the lack of well known female Psychologists.
• Bernstein & Russo (1974)


  This study found that academics were unable to identify female Psychologists - therefore Psychology has a masculinist bias.
• Alpha bias


  Emphasising differences between males and females. Females are often seen as inferior.
• Beta bias


  Ignoring the differences between males and females. Female psychology is ignored/ treated the same as male psychology.
• Freud's Oedipus complex/ Psychosexual stages


  A good example of alpha bias in Psychology would be...
• Kohlberg's moral development theory


  A good example of beta bias in Psychology would be...
• Gilligan


  Criticised Kohlberg by stating that women show an "ethic of care" when making moral decisions.
• Maccoby & Jacklin - males better at visual skills, females better at verbal skills


  This study can be used to show there may be genuine sex differences and any differences found may not always be due to sexism.
• Historical and social context


  An aspect which must be considered when judging if Psychology as a discipline is sexist (particularly when looking at older example studies such as Freud) is...
• Wilhelm Wundt (1879)


  When, and by whom is Psychology said to have been started?
• Stricklund (1987) - 1/3 of all Psychologists and more than 50% of those with a PhD in Psychology were female in 1987 - likely similar if not higher figures today.


  Evidence that Psychology is less sexist than it once was comes from...
• Heterosexism


  The idea that homosexuality in Psychology is either ignored or treated as inferior to heterosexuality by researchers.
• Evolutionary Psychology - attractiveness of traits to males and females


  A good example of heterosexism in Psychology.
• Kitzinger & Coyle (1995) - heterosexism in Psychology has moved through 3 phases - currently in liberal humanism plus where similarities between homo/ hetero relationships are accepted but key differences are also researched/ considered.


  Evidence that heterosexism in Psychology is declining comes from...
• Emic


  An approach to cross cultural research where the unique behaviours of that culture are studied from within.
• Etic


  An approach to cross cultural research where cultural differences in behaviour are studied from outside the culture - many cross cultural studies in Psychology adopt this approach.
• Imposed Etic


  When a behaviour which is culturally specific (emic) is mis-interpreted as culturally non-specific (etic). When this happens the behaviour is often categorised or judged using Western ideas of "normality".
• Snarey (1985) found no evidence of level 3 morality (using Kohlberg's model) in rural Kenya and Turkey.


  An example of imposed etic would be...
• Collectivist/ Individualist


  Kohlberg ignores differences which may affect moral thinking between different types of culture such as...
• Buss - studied worldwide differences in preferences for a romantic partner using questionnaires and native researchers.


  An example of a study which studies cross cultural differences but avoids bias and is sensitive to local emics is...
• Myers & Diener - found differences in subjective wellbeing among different cultures around the world.

  An example of a study from positive psychology which shows how researchers can avoid ethnocentric judgements is...
• Ethnocentrism


  The practice of seeing another culture's behaviour, norms and values as strange or deviant when they do not match those of our own society.
• Cultural Relativism


  The opposite of ethnocentrism is known as...
• Rosenzweig (1992) - 64% of the world's 56,000 researchers in psychology are Americans.


  A study which shows the historical and social context which may impact on cultural bias in Psychology is...
• Westernised, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic


  According to Heinrich (2010) WEIRD stands for...
• Indigenous Psychology


  Evidence that Psychology is no longer the sole domain of WEIRD participants and researchers comes from?
• Zimbardo


  Carried out the unethical Stanford Prison Experiment
• Milgram


  Carried out an unethical controlled observation into the effects of authority on obedience
• Right to withdraw


  This was compromised by Milgram's use of verbal prods
• Psychological harm


  This was shown when participant's showed signs of distress such as lip biting, nervous laughter and 3 having "full blown seizures"
• Debriefing


  Milgram & Zimbardo both did this and this can be said to have lessened the risk of harm in both studies
• Valid consent


  Zimbardo did not inform his participants they would be arrested at their homes raising an issue of...
• Change US Prisons


  What did Zimbardo hope his study would achieve?
• Abu Ghraib


  This prison shows that Zimbardo's study had little impact on the real world
• Situational factors


  Both Milgram and Zimbardo show the importance of __________________ rather than personality on our behaviour
• German's are different hypothesis


  Milgram's study helped to challenge what idea?