ETHICS FINALS

• The 1987 Philippine Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987.
• The 1987 Philippine Constitution

  • Established a representative democracy with power divided among three separate and independent branches of government: the Executive, a bicameral Legislature, and the Judiciary
  • There were three independent constitutional commissions as well: the Commission on Audit, the Civil Service Commission, and the Commission on Elections
  • Integrated into the Constitution was a full Bill of Rights, which guaranteed fundamental civil and political rights, and it provided for free, fair, and periodic elections
• Three Branches of Government

  • Executive Branch
  • Legislative Branch
  • Judicial Branch
• Executive Branch


  The executive branch of the Philippine government plays a crucial role in the country's governance and decision-making processes. At the helm of this branch is the President of the Philippines, who is elected by the people for a term of six years.
• Responsibilities of the President

  • Carrying out and enforcing laws
  • Leading executive departments and agencies
  • Setting the legislative agenda
  • Representing the country in international affairs
  • Appointing officials to key government positions
  • Granting pardons
  • Vetoing bills (subject to congressional override)
• The President has the power and duty to protect, preserve, and defend the Constitution.
• Legislative Branch


  The legislative branch of the Philippine government plays a crucial role in the country's governance. It is composed of the Congress, which is further divided into two chambers – the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress holds the power to make, alter, and repeal laws, as well as approve the national budget.
• Senate


  One of the two chambers of the Congress, consisting of 24 senators who are elected by the Filipino people. Each senator serves a term of six years, with half of the Senate facing elections every three years.
• Key functions of the Senate

  • Enacting laws
  • Confirming appointments
  • Ratifying treaties
• House of Representatives


  The other chamber of the Congress, consisting of representatives known as congressmen or congresswomen. The Philippines has a total of 243 legislative districts, with each district electing one representative.
• Key functions of the House of Representatives

  • Making laws
  • Initiating the national budget
  • Impeachment proceedings
• Judicial Branch


  The judicial branch of the Philippine government plays a vital role in upholding the rule of law and ensuring justice for all. At the helm of this branch is the esteemed Supreme Court, which stands as the highest court in the land.
• Supreme Court


  • Possesses the power of judicial review, evaluating and interpreting the meaning of laws to ensure they align with the provisions of the Constitution
  • Composed of highly qualified and experienced justices, nominated by the President and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments
  • Decisions made by the Supreme Court set precedents that guide lower courts and shape the legal landscape of the country
  • Serves as a check on the other branches of government, able to nullify laws found to be unconstitutional
• The judiciary is committed to promoting transparency and accountability within its own ranks, with initiatives such as the Judicial Integrity Board and the Judicial and Bar Council established to strengthen judicial governance, maintain the integrity of the judiciary, and enhance public confidence in the justice system.
• The 1987 Philippine Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and ratified by a nationwide plebiscite on February 2, 1987.
• Bill of Rights


  • No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws
  • The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures
  • The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable
  • Freedom of speech, expression, and the press, and the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government
  • Freedom of religion
  • Liberty of abode and the right to travel
  • Right to information on matters of public concern
  • Right to form unions, associations, or societies
  • Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation
  • No law impairing the obligation of contracts
  • Free access to the courts and adequate legal assistance
  • Rights of persons under investigation for the commission of an offense
  • The right to bail and the presumption of innocence
  • The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
  • The right to a speedy disposition of cases
  • The right against self-incrimination
  • No involuntary servitude and the prohibition of cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
  • No imprisonment for debt or non-payment of a poll tax
  • No double jeopardy and the prohibition of ex post facto laws and bills of attainder
• The 1987 Philippine Constitution


  • Established a representative democracy with power divided among three separate and independent branches of government: the Executive, a bicameral Legislature, and the Judiciary
  • There were three independent constitutional commissions as well: the Commission on Audit, the Civil Service Commission, and the Commission on Elections
  • Integrated into the Constitution was a full Bill of Rights, which guaranteed fundamental civil and political rights, and it provided for free, fair, and periodic elections
• Three Branches of Government

  • Executive Branch
  • Legislative Branch
  • Judicial Branch
• Executive Branch


  The executive branch of the Philippine government plays a crucial role in the country's governance and decision-making processes. At the helm of this branch is the President of the Philippines, who is elected by the people for a term of six years.
• Responsibilities of the President

  • Carrying out and enforcing laws
  • Leading executive departments and agencies
  • Setting the legislative agenda
  • Representing the country in international affairs
  • Appointing officials to key government positions
  • Granting pardons
  • Vetoing bills (subject to congressional override)
• The President has the power and duty to protect, preserve, and defend the Constitution.
• Legislative Branch


  The legislative branch of the Philippine government plays a crucial role in the country's governance. It is composed of the Congress, which is further divided into two chambers – the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress holds the power to make, alter, and repeal laws, as well as approve the national budget.
• Senate


  One of the two chambers of the Congress, consisting of 24 senators who are elected by the Filipino people. Each senator serves a term of six years, with half of the Senate facing elections every three years.
• Key functions of the Senate

  • Enacting laws
  • Confirming appointments
  • Ratifying treaties
• House of Representatives


  The other chamber of the Congress, consisting of representatives known as congressmen or congresswomen. The Philippines has a total of 243 legislative districts, with each district electing one representative.
• Key functions of the House of Representatives

  • Making laws
  • Initiating the national budget
  • Impeachment proceedings
• Judicial Branch


  The judicial branch of the Philippine government plays a vital role in upholding the rule of law and ensuring justice for all. At the helm of this branch is the esteemed Supreme Court, which stands as the highest court in the land.
• Supreme Court


  • Possesses the power of judicial review, evaluating and interpreting the meaning of laws to ensure they align with the provisions of the Constitution
  • Composed of highly qualified and experienced justices, nominated by the President and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments
  • Decisions made by the Supreme Court set precedents that guide lower courts and shape the legal landscape of the country
  • Serves as a check on the other branches of government, able to nullify laws found to be unconstitutional
• The judiciary is committed to promoting transparency and accountability within its own ranks, with initiatives such as the Judicial Integrity Board and the Judicial and Bar Council established to strengthen judicial governance, maintain the integrity of the judiciary, and enhance public confidence in the justice system.
• Bill of Rights


  • No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws
  • The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures
  • The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable
  • Freedom of speech, expression, and the press, and the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government
  • Freedom of religion
  • Liberty of abode and the right to travel
  • Right to information on matters of public concern
  • Right to form unions, associations, or societies
  • Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation
  • No law impairing the obligation of contracts
  • Free access to the courts and adequate legal assistance
  • Rights of persons under investigation for the commission of an offense
  • The right to bail and the presumption of innocence
  • The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
  • The right to a speedy disposition of cases
  • The right against self-incrimination
  • No involuntary servitude and the prohibition of cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
  • No imprisonment for debt or non-payment of a poll tax
  • No double jeopardy and the prohibition of ex post facto laws and bills of attainder