Lung structure

• How many lobes are in the right lung

  3
• How many lobes are in the left lung

  2
• Describe the Branching of bronchial tree

  1. Trachea

  2. Main bronchi

  3. Lobar bronchi

  4. Segmental bronchi

  5. Bronchioles

  6. Terminal bronchioles
• What forms from the Termina bronchioles

  Respiratory bronchioles
• What happens to alveoli during inhalation

  They double
• Components of the Respiratory System

  
  

  • Respiratory zone
  • Conducting zone
• What is interpleural pressure

  The pressure in the pleural cavity. It is always negative to keep the lungs inflated and help them expand.
• Describe inhalation

  • Diaphragm contracts
  • External intercostal muscles contract
  • Chest cavity and lung volume increases
  • Alveolar pressure decreases

  This results in atmospheric pressure being higher than internal pressure and so air is drawn in.
• Describe exhalation

  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • External intercostal muscles relax
  • Lungs recoil
  • Chest cavity contract
  • Alveolar pressure increases

  Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and so air exists the lungs.
• Boyle's Law

  Volume of a gas is inversely proportional with pressure
• Factors that affect pulmonary ventilation efficiency

  • Compliance
  • Surface Tension
  • Airway resistance
• Components of the Neural Control of Breathing

  • Pontine respiratory Centre in mid brain
  • Dorsal Respiratory Group in medulla
  • Ventral Respiratory Group in medulla
• Other influences on control of breathing

  • Voluntary control
  • Other CNS areas
  • Motor cortex
• What is Anatomical dead space?

  The volume of air that fills the conducting zone and is not used for gas exchange by the alveoli.
• What is the role of the conducting zone

  The transfer of air into the lungs
• What is the role of the respiratory zone

  Gas exchange between the air and blood
• What are the components of the respiratory zone

  The microscopic airways
• What are the components of the conducting zone

  Upper and Lower respiratory system
• Label the respiratory tract

  X.

  A) Nasal cavity

  B) Mouth

  C) Pharynx

  D) Larynx

  E) Trachea

  F) Lung

  G) Rib cage

  H) Bronchus

  I) Lower respiratory tract

  J) Upper respiratory tract

  
• Label the lung structure

  The pleura is a thin layer of tissue that lines body cavities.

  A) Larynx

  B) Trachea

  C) Partiel pleura

  D) Visceral pleura

  E) Pleural cavity

  
• Label the microscopic airways.

  Terminal bronchioles split into respiratory bronchioles. Alveolar ducts then split into alveolar sacs and alveoli.

  A) Terminal bronchiole

  B) Alveolar ducts

  C) Alveolar sac

  D) Alveolus

  
• What is the role of the nose

  Smell

  Vocalisation
• What is the role of the pharynx

  Food passage

  Elimination of mucous
• What is the role of the larynx

  Vocalisation
• What is the role of the mucocillary blanket

  To catch particles for swallowing or expectoration.
• What is expectoration

  The removal of mucus by coughing.
• How is air humidified and warmed

  By bronchial spasms of cold air
• What causes air movement in the lungs

  Pressure changes
• At rest which two pressures are equal

  Atmospheric and alveolar.
• What does contraction of intercostal muscles cause

  The ribs to move up and out.
• What is the equation for airflow 


  (P alveoli - P atmoshere) / Resistance
• What are the features of regulation of Quiet breathing

  The active phase lasts 2 seconds.

  The inactive phase lasts 3 seconds.

  Controlled by the Dorsal respiratory group.
• What groups regulate forceful inhalation

  Dorsal and ventral respiratory group
• Describe the forceful breathing regulatory pathway

  Dorsal respiratory group controls regular breathing.

  Ventral respiratory group uses forceful inhalation neurones to stimulate the accessory inhalation muscles to contract.
• What is an example of an accessory inhalation muscle

  Scalene pectoralis minor
• Where are the accessory breathing muscles mainly located

  In the abdomen
• What group controls forceful exhalation

  Ventral respiratory group
• Describe the regulatory pathway for forceful exhalation

  Ventral respiratory group uses forceful exhalation muscles to stimulate the accessory exhalation muscles to contract.
• When do internal intercostal muscles contract

  During forceful exhalation
• Why can gas exchange not take place in the conducting zone

  There is no perfusion