104 practicals

• Fehling's test

  • use of fehling's A and B test solution
  • positive result: brick red precipitate
  • test for the presence of reducing sugars
• Molisch's Test

  • use of alpha napthol in ethanol
  • positive: purple ring
  • test for carbohydrates
• seliwanoff's test

  • use of resorcinol
  • cherry red formation
  • test for ketoses
• tollen's phloroglucinol

  • use of phloroglucinol reagent
  • red color
  • presence of pentoses
• Keller-killiani test

  • glacial acetic acid and FeCl3
  • reddish brown colored that gradually becomes blue
  • presence of deoxysugar
• iodine test

  • iodine solution
  • black coloration
  • presence of starch
• liebermann-burchard test

  • acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid
  • violet to blue ring
  • steroid
• Salkowski's test

  • concentrated sulfuric acid
  • formation of yellow colored ring at the junction of two liquid which turns red after 2 mins.
  • presence of steroid moiety
• fluorescence test

  • methanolic solution under 366 nm uv light
  • development of blue-green fluorescence
  • detects anthraquinone glycosides
• methanolic KOH

  • adding 1 mL KOH in methanol and viewing under 366 nm UV light
  • orange fluorescence
  • presence of anthraquinone
• borntrager

  • utilization of hexane
  • pink coloration on ammonical layer
  • test for anthraquinone glycosides
• test for vanilin

  • uses phloroglucinol
  • must have a pink or red coloration
• froth test

  • the froth stays for a while
  • saline extractive
  • test for saponins
• test for phenolics

  • fecl3
  • hydrolyzable tannins - blue color
  • condensed tannins - green color
  • digoxin - from green to deep green blue color
  • hesperidin - wine, red color
  • alkaloids - purple
• chlorogenic acid

  • use of NH3
  • slowly turns green
  • tests for chlorogenic acid
• gelatin test

  • test for tannins
  • white precipitate
  • gelatin in salt
• picric acid

  • solution turned yellow with yellow crystals
  • test for alkaloids
  • picric acid (hager's reagent)
• tannic acid test

  • buff colored precipitate
  • test for alkaloids
  • tannic acid test
• mayer's reagent

  • creamy-white precipitate
  • potassium mercuric iodide
  • test for alkaloids
• wagner's test

  • (dilute iodine solution)
  • formation of reddish-brown precipitate
  • test for alkaloid
• murexide test

  • purple color crystals
  • test for caffeine
  • potassium chlorate in hcl
• test for sesame oil and olive oil

  • sucrose in hcl
  • bandouins test
  • pink color
• test for teaseed oil in olive oil

  brown solution changing to intense red 
• test for mineral oil

  • clear solution (absence of mineral oil)
• shinoda test

  • deep red or magenta color
  • flavonoid
  • magnesium powder hcl
• sulfuric acid test for flavonoid

  • yellow
  • flavonols, flavones
  • sulfuric acid
• test for catechins

  • matchstick turns pink
  • presence of catechins
  • hcl
• base reaction

  • test for flavonoids
  • naoh
  • intense yellow coloration
• test for anthocyanin

  • red for acid
  • blue for base
• valser's reaction

  • reddish brown
  • for alkaloids
  • mercuric iodide ts
• dragendorff

  • golden orange
  • test for alkaloid
  • dragendorff reagent
• nitroferriccyanide

  • sulfur containing for garlic bulbs
  • red coloration
• microscopic

  Toluidine blue - lignin

  Ferric chloride – phenols and tannic acid

  Dragendorff – alkaloidphlorglucinol – flavonoids