Lesson 4

• • Are believed to make up about ten percent of the national population.
  • Also known as cultural minorities, they had been pushed to the mountains and forests by lowlanders ever since towns and cities are built.

  The Lumad
• • Are non-Muslim or non-Christian, although "the orientation of their cultural developments... appears to be toward the Muslim groups".

  Lumad
• • Is a group that has traditionally lived in the Southwest highlands of Mindanao.
  • Also known as the Dulangan and Tudag, they are mostly Christians and have been largely assimilated and their traditional culture has disappeared.

  Cotabato Manobo
• • Are a group that live in a very mountainous region of Mindanao between the upper Pilangi and Davao rivers.

  Bagobos
• • Is a group that lives in south-central Mindanao.
  • The Bilaan people of Mindanao wrap their dead inside tree barks.


  Bilaanor B'lsan
• • Is a group that lives in the highlands of north-central Mindanao.
  • Also known as the Binokid, Binukid, Higaonan and Higaunen, they have traditionally been farmers who raised corn, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas and coconuts and used water buffalo to plow their fields.

  Bukidnon
• • Are an animist ethnic group that lives along the Mayo River.
  • In the old days, Manda youth filed and blacken their teeth upon reaching puberty.

  Mandaya
• • People live in the southern part of the province of Cotabato, in the area around Lake Sebu, west of the city General Santos.

  T'boli of Mindanao
• • Are the most significant minority in the Philippines. They are the most part remain outside the mainstream of national life, set apart by their religion and way of life.
  • Are believers if Islam.

  Muslims
• Philippine Muslims consist of the following subgroups defined on the basis of language:

  1. Maguindanao
  2. Maranao
  3. Tausug
  4. Sama
  5. Yakan
  6. Ilanon or Iranun
  7. Kalibugan
  8. Sangil
  9. Kalagan
  10. Muslims Inhabitants of Palawan
  11. Jama Mapun
  12. Badjao
  13. Subanun
• • Refers to the people living in the Pulangi area, located in what are now North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao Provinces. Maguindanao originally means "people of flooded plain".

  Maguindanao
• • Their homeland is called Lanao or "lake". Their oldest settlement started around here, and up to this day, highly populated communities still dot the lake.

  Maranao
• • Was derived from tau meaning "man" and sug meaning "current" and translates into "people of the current".

  Tausug
• • They are considered boat-people, spending most of their time in constant movement throughout the islands in the area or living on the water.

  Sama
• • Have generally two spheres of belief integrating Islamic principles and traditional beliefs into what is referred to as "folk Islam".

  Yakan
• • Are said by many to have been the origin of the ethnic groups within the Lanao del Sur to the Maguindanao areas.

  Ilanon or Iranun
• • Originally from the Subanon tribes, these people are called such because their culture has been said to be half breed, having come into Islam through intermarriage with Muslim communities.

  Kalibugan
• • Are found in the Balut Sangani, parts of South Cotabato and Davao del Sur provinces. They are people who were already Muslims before they came to Philippine shores.

  Sangil
• • They are mostly found in the Davao provinces. Their Islamization was achieved through the arrival of the Maguindaon and the Tausug.

  Kalagan
• • Were Islamized through the Sulu sultanate, through the Tausug who went there to introduce to Islam to the local people.

  Muslim Inhabitants of Palawan
• • They live both on the coast and in the interior of their islands.
  • Is on the island of Cagayan de Sulu.

  Jama Mapun
• • Widely known as the "Sea Gypsies" of the Sulu and Celebes Seas, they are scattered along the coastal areas of Tawi Tawi, Sulu, Balisan, and some coastal municipalities of Zamboanga del Sur in the ARMM

  Badjao
• • Is a group of animist slash-and burn agriculturists that live in the forest interior in southern Mindanao.
  • Also known as the Subanen, Subano, Subanon, they are quite different from the lowlanders who live around them who are either Muslims or Christians.

  Subanun