DRR 012

• Disaster

  • UNISDR, 2004 - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community. Causing widespread human, material, economic, and environmental losses.
  • WHO, 2002 - any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health, and health services.
• Desastre - is a French word that means Bad Star.
• Disaster are frequently described as a result of the combination of:

  • Exposure to hazard
  • Conditions of vulnerability are present.
  • Insufficient coping capacity with potential negative consequence.
• Origins of Disaster:

  • Natural - is an event that is caused by the natural forces of the Earth where great damage and sometimes loss of life occurs.
  • Man-made - it has an element of human intent, negligence, or error involving a failure of a man-made system.
• Onsets of Disaster:

  • Quick Onset - it is triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly.
  • Slow Onset - as one that emerges gradually over time. Slow-onset disasters could be associated with.

  Slow Onset - As one that emerges gradually over time. Slow-onset

  Slow Onset - As one that emerges gradually over time. Slow-onset disasters could be associated with.
• Geological Disaster - these are earthquakes, volcanic eruption, tsunami, landslides, flood, and ground subsidence
• Hydrometerological/ Climatological - these are typhoons, tornadoes, thunder storms, storms surge, and drought.
• Anthopogenic - these are hazardous materials, acid rains, global warming, bomb explosion.
• Biological - these are insect infestation, pandemic, endemic, and wildfires.
• Nature of Disaster

  • Is an unplanned event in which the needs of the affected community outweigh the available resources.
• Effects of Disaster

  • It can be immediate effect and long-term structural consequence.
• Immediate effects of Disaster

  • Mortality and demographic recovery
  • Loss and capital destruction
  • Economic crisis
  • Blame, scapegoating, and social unrest
• Long-term structural consequence of Disaster

  • Societal collapse
  • Economic reconstruction
  • Long-term demographic change
  • Reconstruction, reform, and social changes
  • Redistribution of resources
• Basic concepts of Disaster Risk

  • The potential loss of life, injury, destroyed, or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society, or a community in a specific period of time.
• Disaster Risk - it is the chance or likelihood of suffering harm and loss of result of a hazardous event.
• Risk Reduction Measures - these are various activities, projects, and programs that the community may identify after assessing and analyzing the risk that they face.
• Exposure - refers to people and properties that are affected by hazards.

  It can be measured by means of the following:

  • Number of people
  • Types of assets in the area
• Vulnerability - determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.

  • It is a process where it increases the susceptibility [easily affected] of a community to the impact of hazards.
• Vulnerability may refer to the following:

  • Disregard for environmental management
  • Poorly-planned communities
  • Poorly-constructed infrastructures and homes
  • Lack of public information and awareness on preparedness and risks
• Different types of Vulnerabilities (Anderson and Woodrow, 1990)

  • Attitudinal/ motivational vulnerability
  • Physical and environmental vulnerability
  • Social vulnerability
• Susceptibility - the state or fact of being likely or liable (easily affected) to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.

  • It refers to the likelihood of people and environment to be damaged by natural hazards.
• Capacity and Coping Capacity

  • UNISDR, 2009 - if refers to "all strengths, attributes, and resources available within the community, organization, or society that can be used to achieve an agreed goal.
  • It is the ability to resist the impact posed by hazards.
• Coping Capacity

  • The ability of the people, organization, and systems using available skills and resources to face and to manage adverse conditions, emergencies or disaster.
  • It is the ability to respond and recover from a stressful situation.
• Capacity Vulnerability Assessment (CVA) Matrix

  • A tool that examines the capacity and vulnerability during and after a particular disaster.
  • It identifies vulnerability as a "long-term factor that affects a community's ability to respond to events or make it susceptible to disasters."
• CVA helps to:

  • Identify vulnerable groups
  • Identify the factors that make them vulnerable and show how they are affected.
  • Assess their needs and capacities
  • Empower and mobilize vulnerable communities/ groups.
• World Risk Index - it is a news instrument to assess risk and vulnerability towards natural hazards on a country scale.
• Hazard

  • These are potentially damaging physical events, phenomena, or human activitiesties that may cause injury or loss of life, damage to property, social and economic disruption or environmental degration. (UNISDR, 2007)
• Intensity - it measures the strength of the shaking during an earthquake.

  • It is the measure of the impacts on the ground, on people, and on structures. (IMPACT)
• Magnitude - is a number, which is a measure of energy released in an earthquake.

  • It is the measure of its strength and is an indication of how destructive it can be. (ENERGY)
• Speed of Onset

  • Among the most important aspects of hazards.
  • How predictable a hazard is an how much lead time is allowed by it, is critical in determining how damaging it will be.
  • The more predictable an event is, the lesser the chance of incurring casualties and damages.
• Duration

  • It becomes a concern as the chance of experiencing sever damage will depend on how long the hazard affects an area.
  • In the same manner, the larger the aerial extent or scope of an event is, the greater or scope of an event is, the greater the potential for damage will be.
• Types of Hazard

  • Natural Hazard - these are beyond human control.
  • Man-made Hazard - may be due to accidents, carelessness, or inability to implement protective measures.
  • Socionatural Hazard - a combination of natural and man-made hazards.
• Effects of Hazards

  • Primary Effect - a direct result of the event.
  • Secondary Effect - associated with, but not directly responding to the event.
  • Tertiary Effect - long-term or permanent changes due to the event.
• Hazard Analysis

  • It is the identification, study, and monitoring of any hazards to determine their potential, origin, characteristics, and behavior. (UNISDR, 2007)
• Ground shaking

  • The result from the vibrations of the ground during an earthquake.
  • These vibrations carry energy through seismic waves.
  • In the process, the rapid horizontal and vertical movements associated with earthquakes move the ground which cause structural damage.
  • Explained by Elastic Rebound Theory.
• Effects of Ground Shaking

  • The ground is potentially destructive to buildings, particularly the horizontal component of seismic wave motion or shaking since it is easier to shake than to compress rocks.
  • Ground shaking is relatively harmless if one is in an open field. However, it is the failure of a building due to inferior design, poor construction, or weak foundation that cause people harm or death.
• Ground Rupture

  • Earthquakes originate at depth by the sudden motion of blocks of the lithosphere. This motion occurs along the lithospheric breaks, called faults. During strong earthquakes, faulting may reach the earth's surface as ground ruptures.
• Liquefaction

  • It is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of the soil are reduced by an earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
  • It occurs in saturated soils, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with water.
• Ground Subsidence/Collapse

  • Large areas of land can subside drastically during an earthquake, because of offset along fault lines. Land subsidence can also occur as a result of settling and compacting the unconsolidated sediment from the shaking of an earthquake (Liquefaction).
• Earthquake-Induced Landslide

  • Earthquakes are a major cause of landslides. Landslides occur when masses of rocks, earth materials, or debris flow moves down a slope due to gravity.