Bio Living world in space

• Atoms


  Simple units that all living and nonliving matter is formed of
• Subatomic particles


  Protons, electrons, neutrons
• Molecule


  Stable form when atoms of different elements combine through ionic or covalent bonding
• Most common atoms found in biological molecules

  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorous
  • Sulphur
• Micromolecules


  Molecules with low molecular weight like CO2, H2O
• Macromolecules


  Molecules with high molecular weights e.g. starch, proteins
• Organic molecule


  Molecule containing both carbon and hydrogen
• Inorganic molecule


  Molecule that does not include carbon and hydrogen together
• Important and abundant organic molecules in organisms

  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
  • Glycerol
  • Nucleotides like ATP, ADP, AMP
• Organelles


  Specialised sub-cellular structures like mitochondria, Golgi-complex, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes
• Organelles


  • Functions of the cells are accomplished by these specialised structures comparable to the organs of the body
• Prokaryotes


  Have only a limited number and type of organelles in their cytoplasm
• Eukaryotes


  Rich in number and kinds of membranous organelles
• Cell membrane


  Present in all cells whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic
• Tissue


  Groups of similar cells organized into loose sheets or bundles performing similar functions
• Tissues


  • Specialized for contraction (movement), secretion, conducting water and for translocation of sugar, proteins etc.
• Organ


  Different tissues having related functions, assembled together in a structure to carry out its function with great efficiency
• Organ system


  Where total functions involved in one process or phenomenon are carried out
• Organ formation is far more complex and defined in animals than in plants
• The complexity of the organ systems of animals is associated with a far greater range of functions and activities than is found in plants
• Individual (Whole Organism)


  Various organs in plants and various organ systems in animals assembled together to form the whole organism
• Whole organism


  • Has its own individuality and characteristics, functions and processes are coordinated, interacts and responds to environmental changes as a whole