Movement analysis

• mechanical advantage = effort arm ÷ resistance arm
• What is the benefit of high mechanical advantage (+ which lever has it)?

  • lift heavier load with small amount of effort

  • second (effort arm longer than load arm)
• What is the benefit of low mechanical advantage (+ which lever has it)?

  • increase the distance covered increasing speed

  • third class lever (load arm is longer than effort arm)
• What are the penguins, what do they stand for?

  • Fat Penguins - Sweat A lot

  -> Frontal Plane - Sagittal Axis

  • Tired Penguins - Lay A lot

  -> Transverse Plane - Longitudinal Axis

  • Strong Penguins - Train A lot

  -> Sagittal Plane - Transverse Axis
• How is movement described?

  • IN a plane

  • AROUND or ABOUT an axis
• What is an axis?


  an invisible skewer running through the body
• What is a plane?


  an imaginary line that splits the body into two and depicts the direction of movement
• What movements happen in a sagittal plane and around a transverse axis (+ sporting example)?


  movement: flexion, extension

  example: sumersault, forward roll
• What movements happen in a frontal plane and around a sagittal axis (+ sporting example)?


  movement: adduction, abduction

  example: cartwheel, star jumps
• What movements happen in a transverse plane and around a longitudinal axis (+ sporting example)?


  movement: rotation

  example: pirouette, golf swing
• What axis goes with transverse plane?


  longitudinal axis
• What axis goes with sagittal plane?


  transverse axis
• What axis goes with frontal plane?


  sagittal axis
• how does the transverse plane divide the body?


  T= top and bottom
• how does the sagittal plane divide the body?


  S= side to side (left and right)
• how does the frontal plane divide the body?


  F= front and back
• where does the longitudinal axis run along?


  top (head) to bottom (feet)
• where does the transverse axis run along?


  side (left) to side (right)
• where does the sagittal axis run along?


  front (stomach) to back
• What is flexion?


  where the angle of the bones at the joint decreases
• What is extension?


  where the angle of the bones at the joint increases
• What is abduction?


  the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
• What is adduction?


  the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
• What is circumduction?


  the circular movement that traces out a cone shape
• What is rotation?


  the circular movement that happens on an axis