Energy Transfers

• biotic factors


  living components of an ecosystem
• abiotic factors

  Non-living components of environment.
• what is a primary producer?

  organisms that make their own glucose e.g. plants and algae

  trophic level 1
• primary consumers


  feed on producers

  trophic level 2
• secondary consumers


  feed on primary consumers

  trophic level 3
• tertiary consumers


  feed on secondary consumers

  trophic level 4
• what is a respiratory substrate

  A molecule that can be used in respiration to release energy for growth
• biomass


  the mass of the living material-chemical energy stored within the organism
• dry mass of an organism

  mass after all the water has been removed
• gross primary production


  the amount of chemical energy stored in the carbohydrates within plants (during photosynthesis)
• gross primary productivity


  the rate at which plants are able to store chemical energy vis photosynthesis
• net primary production

  the amount of energy stored in a plants biomass after respiratory losses

  NPP=GPP-R

  energy that is available to organisms in higher trophic levels
• primary production

  the storing of chemical energy in the biomass of primary producers
• net production of consumers

  N=I-(F+R)

  I-chemical energy store in ingested food

  F-chemical energy lost to the environment in faeces and urine

  R-respiratory losses to the environment
• % efficiency equation

  Output/Input x100
• farmers strategies to increase the yield of crops or livestock

  [reduce energy loss of crops by removing pests

  -reduce energy loss of livestock by restricting their movement and keeping them warm