biological molecules

• maltose


  glucose and glucose
• sucrose


  glucose and fructose
• lactose 


  glucose and galactose
• bond between monosaccharides 


  glycosidic bond
• test for starch 


  add iodine. positive = blue-black
• properties of starch

  insoluble so doesn't effect water potential. compact. made up of alpha glucose so when hydrolysed it is released and used easily for respiration. branched form has many ends which can easily be worked on by enzymes
• properties of glycogen

  shorter than starch. insoluble. compact so can be stored in a small space. more highly branched than starch so more ends to be worked on by enzymes.
• properties of cellulose

  made up of beta glucose. form long straight, unbranched chains. cellulose chains run parallel to each other and are linked by hydrogen bonds. molecules group to form microfibrils which group to form fibres.
• role of lipids

  source of energy, waterproofing, insulation and protection.
• what are triglycerides made up of?

  three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. fatty acid and glycerol joined by ester bonds.
• structure of phospholipid

  2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol and 1 phosphate molecule
• test for lipids

  add ethanol, shake, add water, shake. positive = milky-white emulsion.
• bond between amino acids


  peptide bond
• test for proteins

  biuret test. add sodium hydroxide solution, add copper sulfate solution and mix. positive = purple
• process of semi-conservative replication

  DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases. the double helix separates. each exposed polynucleotide strand acts as a template to which complementary free nucleotides bind by specific base pairing. nucleotides joined together during a condensation reaction by DNA polymerase. each new DNA molecule contains one of the original DNA strands.
• what is ATP made up of

  adenine, ribose and 3 phosphates
• which enzymes catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP

  ATP hydrolase
• which enzyme catalyses the formation of ATP

  ATP synthase
• what is the major role of ATP

  an immediate energy source
• why is a high specific heat capacity important for water


  buffers any changes in temperature