module 2 - planning

• Planning - process developing, organizing, and evaluating the activities required to achieved a desired goal

  • critical management process
  • think of the company vision and mission
  • done by upper management (admins)
• Steps in the planning process

  1. Orient the planning process to a singular direction
  2. Assess the organization's current status
  3. Set goals - per department the ideas should be shared to achieve quota
  4. Identify and develop strategies
  5. Establish the objectives that will support the progress towards these goals
  6. Define responsibilities and timelines for each objective
  7. Write, communicate, and discuss the plan to individuals and units involved
  8. Monitor progress toward meeting goals and objectives *Department meetings, quarterly meetings
• Division of work - specialized jobs are assigned

  -divide work by members
• Authority and Responsibility - employees should be given authority and be held responsible for liabilities

  • the bigger the job, the bigger the responsibility
• Span of Control - limitation on the number of subordinates a manager can manage

  Upper managers (4-8) - has more admin work, oversee the whole organization

  Lower managers (8-20) - direct contact w/ subordinates
• Unity of Command - employee must report to a single direct supervisor

  - to know immediate supervisor to know whom to listen to and double check everything w/
• Unity of Direction- employee must understand and be willing to work for the business's goals
• Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest - interest of one individual should not outweigh the business's interests

  • general public must benefit
• Remuneration - equal pay for equal work
• Centralization- ensures major policies are made only by top management
• Scalar chain - ultimate authority lies at the top and communication flows downward
• Order - employees are assigned and resources are allocated properly in the organization
• Equity- fair and kind treatment of employees
• Stability of Tenure - employees should be given enough time and opportunities to prove their worth

  5 months - probationary

  6 months - regular

  • Time to train for position, gains more knowledge
• Simpilicity - unnecessary elements should be eliminated
• Esprit de Corps - In union there is strength
• Stategic Planning - ensures effectivity and efficiency

  • done by upper management
  • ceo, president
• Operational Planning - ensures organization is prepared
• Business Planning - determines profitability
• Resource Planning - guarantees availability of resources

  • sufficient for all
• Organizational Planning - Ascertains coordination and orderly arrangement

  • To whom will the resources go, the resources are based on org
• Contingency Planning - provides fallback

  Short Term - 1 to 5 years, operational and business

  Midterm - 1 to 10 years, resources and organizational

  Short to Long Term - 1 to 20 years, contingency

  Long Term- 5 to 20 years, strategic
• Limitations of Planning - it involves educated and experienced guesswork

  • plans and predictions are only as good as the data and information given
  • planning is nothing without action
  • process should consider the changing environment and circumstances
• Strategic Planning - process of identinfying and determining the organization's goals, policies and programs

  - An important part is creating momentum and motivating employee

  - Swat/Swot Analysis - yearly and look for long term
• Process of Strategic Planning

  • Pre planning phase
  • Planning phase
  • Post planning phase
• Pre-Planning Phase -planning of the steps necessary to organize the strategic planning effort

  • It deals with defining objectives of the plan and the procedures to follow to follow to accomplish these objectives
  • It should also identify the individuals involved, location, and time allotted to the planning
• Planning Phase - this can be referred as strategizing

  • It is best to begin w/ the destination
  • Determines the different routes to get to the desired location
  • One should select a route that best meets
• Post-Planning Phase -Involves 3 steps

  Communication

  Implementation

  Monitoring progress once the plan is implemented
• Management by Objectives (MBO)

  - a system in which the organization 's superior and subordinated managers collectively identify their goals

  - a technique that defines each individual employee's major area of responsibility

  - an approach that uses certain measures as a guide for operating the different units of workers and for assessing their contributions individually and as a whole
• Decision Making - process of choosing a specific course of action form possible alternatives even if it has already been planned or being planned

  • head of management
  • make sure the decisions you make, benefit the general public
• Principles of Decision Making

  Be patient

  Weigh gain versus risk

  Anticipate results and problems

  Create a master plan

  Balance making urgent decision w/a thorough deliberation