The Ozone Story - Topic 4

• What is the formula for the speed of light?


  Frequency x wavelength
• What is the equation for energy of electromagnetic radiation?

  Planck's constant x Frequency
• What is formed by heterolytic fission?

  A cation and anion (positive and negative ion with charges +1 and -1 respectively)
• How do you convert from parts per million to percentage?

  Divide by 10,000
• How do you convert from percentage to parts per million?

  Multiply by 10,000
• What is the name of the sphere closest to the Earth's surface?

  Troposphere
• Name all types of electromagnetic radiation, from lowest energy to highest energy

  Radiowaves,

  microwaves,

  infrared,

  visible light,

  ultraviolet,

  X-rays and

  gamma rays
• Define the term 'bond fission'

  The breaking of a covalent bond
• What is formed by homolytic fission?

  Two radicals
• Define the term 'radical'


  A species with a lone electron.
• Give 3 ways of monitoring the rate of reaction when hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium carbonate

  Measuring mass lost, collecting volume of carbon dioxide produced or measuring pH
• Apart from using a colorimeter, how can rate of precipitation reactions be monitored?


  You could record the time taken for a solution to become so opaque that a cross on a piece of paper held behind the reaction vessel can no longer be seen
• What type of radiation causes a change of vibrational energy level?

  Infrared
• What type of radiation causes a change of rotational energy level?

  Microwaves
• Describe what is meant when energy is 'quantised'

  It has fixed levels
• Rank the types of energy associated with the behaviour of a molecule from lowest to highest energy

  Translational,

  rotational,

  vibrational,

  electronic
• Name the 4 types of energy associated with a molecule's behaviour?

  Translational,

  rotational,

  vibrational and

  electronic
• When the speed doubles, the kinetic energy _________________


  quadruples
• What is the proportional relationship between kinetic energy and velocity?


  KE ∝ Velocity squared
• What is the formula of an ethanoate ion?

  CH3COO-
• What is the formula of a cyanide ion?

  CN-
• What is the formula of a hydroxide ion?

  OH-
• Define the term 'activation enthalpy'

  The minimum kinetic energy required by a pair of colliding particles before a reaction will occur.
• Give 3 possible outcomes if a chlorine molecule absorbs radiation

  Release of energy and Cl2 return to its original state

  Ionisation - An electron is removed to form Cl2+

  Dissociation - two chlorine radicals are formed.
• What type of energy change is caused when a molecule absorbs visible light or ultraviolet radiation?

  A change of electronic energy level
• What type of energy change is caused when a molecule absorbs infrared radiation?

  A change of vibrational energy level
• What type of energy change is caused when a molecule absorbs microwave radiation?

  A change of rotational energy level
• Give two units for frequency

  Hz or s^-1
• How many hertz are equal to 1s^-1?

  1
• What types of radiation cause a change of electronic energy level?

  Visible light and ultraviolet
• What is the formula of an ethoxide ion?

  C2H5O-
• Liquids that have hydrogen bonding have a ___________ viscosity

  high
• Define the term 'viscosity'

  How thick a liquid is - high viscosity means that a liquid is thick
• Polar substances tend to be ___________ in water

  soluble
• How are hydroxyl radicals formed?

  They are produced when oxygen and water react in the stratosphere
• How many hydrogen bonds can be formed per molecule of water?

  2
• Give the formula for rate of reaction

  Change in property / Time taken
• What happens during the transition state of a reaction?

  Existing bonds begin to stretch and break while new bonds begin to be formed
• What does a colorimeter do?

  It measures the colour change of a reaction
• Define the term 'homogeneous catalyst'


  A catalyst that is in the same physical state as the reactants. It normally works by forming an intermediate compound with the reactants