Finals Lab Orgchem

• Methanol


  The simplest alcohol, used to produce a wide variety of chemicals, such as formaldehyde or acetic acid
• Naphthalene


  Used as a moth repellent, fumigant, or lubricant and for many other purposes
• Activated charcoal


  Also known as activated carbon, a form of carbon with high porosity
• Recrystallization


  1. Separates impurities from a solid

  2. Can cause a solid to have a different color to its pure form

  3. Can make a solid weaker than it otherwise
• Suction filtration


  Also called vacuum filtration, a technique used to separate liquids from solids
• Melting point range


  The span of temperature from the point when the solid starts melting to the point at which the entire solid is in a liquid state
• Alkane


  A hydrocarbon that has no functional groups, named with the suffix -ane, e.g. butane
• Alkene


  A hydrocarbon that has at least one C-C double bond, the double bond is nucleophilic, named with the suffix -ene, e.g. butene
• Alkyne


  A hydrocarbon that has at least one C-C triple bond, the triple bond is nucleophilic
• Arene


  Also called aromatics, hydrocarbons that contain at least one phenyl group
• Haloalkane


  A compound that contains a halogen (main group VII in the periodic table) substituent
• Aldehyde


  A compound that contains a C-O double bond, where one of the substituents on the carbon atom is a hydrogen atom and the other is a carbon atom
• Ketone


  A compound that contains a C-O double bond, where both of the substituents on the carbon atom are carbon atoms
• Alcohol


  A compound with a hydroxy (-OH) substituent to saturated carbon
• Ether


  A compound that contains a C-O-C bond, generally not very reactive and often used as solvents
• Amine


  A compound that contains an amino substituent
• Carboxylic acid


  A compound with a -COOH substituent
• Acid anhydride


  A compound with a -COOCO- component
• Ester


  A compound with a -COOR substituent
• Amide


  A compound with a -CONHR substituent
• Acyl halide


  A compound with a -COX substituent, where the X is a halogen
• Nucleophilic addition reactions


  An important class of reactions that allow us to convert a carbonyl into a range of other functional groups
• Grignard reaction


  An organometallic chemical reaction in which an organomagnesium halide (also known as a Grignard reagent) adds to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone to form an alcohol
• Drug discovery


  The process through which new medication candidates are discovered
• Stereochemistry


  Relates to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms and molecules and the effect of this spatial arrangement on chemical reactions
• Regioselective


  Can be used to describe any process that favors bond formation at a particular atom over other possible atoms
• Chemical libraries


  Libraries of small synthetic chemical compounds or natural products, this process is known as Pharmacology
• Medicinal chemistry


  Uses synthetic organic chemistry to create new compounds or modify existing ones to increase the potency and selectivity of potential drug candidates
• Structure-activity studies


  Look at the relationship between chemical structure and its biological activity against the target
• Reducing sugars


  Sugars that are capable of acting as a reducing agent
• Examples of reducing sugars

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Lactose
• Positive and negative controls


  In chemistry, controls are a way to validate the results of your experiment
• Negative control


  Contains all of the reagents used in the experiment, except for the material that is being detected
• Positive control


  Contains the material that you are detecting, so the positive control should give a positive result
• Fehling's test


  Used to determine if a reducing sugar is present in a sample using a reagent called the Fehling's reagent
• Tollen's test


  Used to determine if a reducing sugar is present in a sample, using a reagent called Tollen's reagent
• Melting point range


  The span of temperature from the point when the solid starts melting to the point at which the entire solid is in a liquid state, can be used to determine the purity of a solid
• Proton NMR spectroscopy


  Also noted 1H NMR, a spectroscopic technique that is commonly used for structure elucidation and purity assessments of organic compounds
• Chemical equivalence


  Equivalent protons, also termed chemical equivalence, is the concept of a group of protons being in the exact same chemical environment
• Peak splitting


  In proton NMR, or spin-spin coupling, is the phenomenon that vicinal protons will interact with each other's resonance, and create a split pattern for the signal in the NMR spectrum