adolescence

• Chronological definition of Adolescence:

  Teenage years between 13 and 19.
• Biological definition of Adolescence:

  -Physical markers

  
  

  -Starts: pre-pubertal height spurt (precedes puberty)

  -Ends when reach full reproductive maturity (15-18 years)
• Societal definition of Adolescence:

  -Starts: Onset of puberty

  -Ends: when adolescents assume adult responsibilities
• First of physical changes during puberty marking onset of puberty

  -Growth spurt (height)
• How much height growth per year for males and females

  -Females: 8.5cm/year for 2 years

  -Male: 9cm/year for 2 years
• Age of onset of growth spurt for males and females

  -Females: 11 years

  -Males: 13-14 years
• Males who go through EARLY puberty experience: IMMEDIATE Positives

  -Self assurance

  -Attractive

  -Masculine

  -Popular
• Males who go through EARLY puberty experience: IMMEDIATE Negatives


  -Substance use

  -Delinquency

  -Psychological issues
• Males who go through LATE puberty experience: IMMEDIATE effects


  -Socially awkward

  -Misbehave in class

  -Anxious behaviours
• Consequences in adulthood from EARLY puberty in males

  -Domineering

  -Responsible

  -Self-control

  -Rigid

  -Conforming

  -Advanced in their career

  -Difficulty coping with stress

  -Intimacy difficulties
• Cause of EARLY puberty in males

  Higher testosterone levels.
• Consequences in adulthood from LATE puberty in males

  -Good sense of humour

  -Clearer insight into issues

  -Sophisticated understanding of themselves

  -Good intimate relationships
• Females who go through EARLY puberty experience: IMMEDIATE Positives


  -Greater independence

  -Popular
• Females who go through EARLY puberty experience: IMMEDIATE Negatives


  -Substance use

  -Delinquency

  -Psychological issues

  -Earlier sexual experiences

  -Poorer marks

  -Body image issues
• Females who go through LATE puberty experience: IMMEDIATE effects


  -Good marks

  -Date later
• Consequences in adulthood from EARLY puberty in Females

  -Difficult social relationships

  -Lower levels of education

  -Mental health issues

  -Substance use
• Consequences in adulthood from LATE puberty in Females

  -Higher levels of education
• Males want to change what about themselves (stats)

  -47% scholastic ability

  -23% personality

  -14% physical appearance
• Females want to change what about themselves (stats)

  -39% personality

  -27% scholastic ability

  -24% physical appearance
• Male and Female adolescences both want to change the same 3 areas which are:

  -Personality

  -Scholastic ability

  -Physical appearance
• What are the risk factors for body dissatisfaction

  -Media consumption

  -Stressful home environment

  -OCD

  -Personality factors: perfectionist, internalising
• Long term consequences for high body satisfaction

  -High self esteem

  -Positive peer relationships
• Long term consequences for low body satisfaction

  -Depression

  -Eating disorders

  -Exercise dependence

  -Steroid use (males)
• Three main changes for adolescences

  -Physical changes

  -Adult identities

  -Survival
• Secular trend


  Long term linear trend in a single direction over time
• Explanation for the Secular trend in menstration

  -Better nutrition

  -Better health care
• According to Eric Erikson what is most important thing for adolescences in "forging identity"

  Rights of passage
• Key areas of challenge in establishing adult identity

  -Relationships

  -Work identity

  -Ideologies (religion, politics)
• Who coined term "identity crisis"

  Eric Erikson
• What is an example of artificial markers of adulthood ?

  -Barmitzfa and confirmation
• Stats on tribal marriage

  -Females: 63% within 2 years puberty

  -Males: 64% within 4 years puberty
• For females marker of adulthood is menstration, what is this for males?


  Once reached specific level of achievement

  
  

  Example: Kill on hunt
• Average age first marriage for men and women 1974 and 2014


  -Women: 1974: 21

  -Women: 2014: 28

  -Men: 1974: 23

  -Men:2014: 30

  
  

  Increase of 7 years
• Pros and cons of delayed adolescence

  -Pro: time and freedom enabled fundamental cultural shift

  
  

  -Con: Delay in social responsibilities
• How long is the adolescent period historically compared to currently

  -Historically: 2-4 year adolescent phase

  -Currently: 8-15 year adolescent phase
• Marcia's identity statuses


  -Foreclosure

  -Identity diffusion

  -Identity achievement

  -Moritorium
• No crisis, yes commitment

  Foreclosure

  
  

  -Commitment

  -Didnt thinking things through

  
  

  "my dad is a builder he says im strong and wants me to do it, I will go through with that"
• No commitment, no crisis

  Identity diffusion

  
  

  -Didn't think things through

  -No commitment
• Yes crisis, no commitment

  Moritorium

  
  

  -Thought things through

  -No commitment

  
  

  "I cant decide"
• Yes crisis, Yes commitment

  Identity achievement

  
  

  -Crisis

  -Commitment