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LEARNING AN PROBLEM SOLVING
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Learning
A process that leads to
change
, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential for improved performance and
future learning
Memory
How the mind
stores
and
recalls
information
Learning
and
memory
Incredibly close and
intertwined
It is almost impossible for an individual to truly learn something without also having the
memory
to
retain
what they have learned
Learning and
memory
maintain a very
interdependent
relationship
Learning
The change in the learner may happen at the level of
knowledge
, attitude or
behavior
As a result of learning, learners come to see
concepts
, ideas, and/or the world
differently
Classical conditioning
Learning takes place when an association is formed between a
previously neutral stimulus
and a
naturally occurring stimulus
Classical
conditioning
Pavlov's
experiments with
dogs
Operant conditioning
Associations are made between a
behavior
and the
consequences
of that behavior
When a behavior leads to a
desirable consequence
, it becomes more likely that the behavior will be
repeated
again in the future
If the actions lead to a
negative
outcome, then the behavior then becomes
less
likely to occur
Social learning theory
Much of learning takes place through observation
Social learning theory
Bandura's Bobo doll
experiment
Learning
something
does not necessarily result in a change in
behavior
Cognitive learning theory
Mental processes are an important part in understanding how we learn
Cognitive learning theory
Learners can be influenced by both
internal
and
external
elements
Plato
and Descartes were early philosophers that focused on
cognition
Jean
Piaget's
work focuses on environments and
internal
structures and how they impact learning
Schema
The basic unit of
knowledge
, and schemata build up over a
lifetime
Accommodation
How we modify what we already know to take
new
information into account
Assimilation
How the new
knowledge
is arranged in our heads
alongside
what we already know
Cognitive
theory has developed over time, breaking off into
sub-theories
that focus on unique elements of learning and understanding
At the most basic level, the cognitive theory suggests that
internal
thoughts and external forces are both an important part of the
cognitive
process
Bloom's taxonomy
Describes six different levels of
cognitive
learning in the form of a
hierarchy
Constructivist
theory
Learners are
active
participants in their learning journey; knowledge is constructed based on
experiences
Principles of
constructivist
theory
Knowledge
is constructed
Learning
is a social activity
Learning
is an active process
Learning
is contextual
People learn to learn, as they learn
Learning exists in the mind
Knowledge
is personal
Motivation
is key to learning
Humanism
Directly focuses on the idea of
self-actualization
Connectivism
People learn and grow when they form
connections
Transformative learning theory
Learners can
adjust
their
thinking
based on new information
Transformative learning theory works well for
adult
students, as children don't have the same kind of transformation with their
learning experiences
The theory states that our worldview is changed the more we learn, which helps us grasp new
concepts
and ideas
Experiential learning theory
Focuses on
learning
by
doing
Experiential learning theory
The first two stages,
concrete learning
and reflective observation, focus on grasping an
experience
The latter two,
abstract conceptualization
and active experimentation are about
transforming
an experience
Effective learning is seen as the learner goes through the cycle of
experiential
learning
theory
Participation
Learning should
permit
and
encourage
active participation of the learner
Repetition
Provide the learner with the opportunity for
practice
and
repetition
Transference
Whether learning will
transfer
to the actual
situation
Transfer of training situations
Positive
transfer
Negative
transfer
No
observable
effect
Feedback
Gives learners
information
on their
progress
Overlearned
behaviors
Ensure
smooth
performance
Minimum of forgetting at a
later
date
Proficiency
in learning and
retaining new skills
Improved when individuals visualize themselves performing the new behavior
Transference
When learning occurs in a special environment, an important question is whether learning will
transfer
to the actual situation
Transfer of training
Trainees
can apply the knowledge and skills learned in training course to their
jobs
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