LEARNING AN PROBLEM SOLVING

Cards (60)

  • Learning
    A process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential for improved performance and future learning
  • Memory
    How the mind stores and recalls information
  • Learning and memory
    Incredibly close and intertwined
  • It is almost impossible for an individual to truly learn something without also having the memory to retain what they have learned
  • Learning and memory maintain a very interdependent relationship
  • Learning
    • The change in the learner may happen at the level of knowledge, attitude or behavior
    • As a result of learning, learners come to see concepts, ideas, and/or the world differently
  • Classical conditioning
    Learning takes place when an association is formed between a previously neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
  • Classical conditioning

    • Pavlov's experiments with dogs
  • Operant conditioning
    Associations are made between a behavior and the consequences of that behavior
  • When a behavior leads to a desirable consequence, it becomes more likely that the behavior will be repeated again in the future
  • If the actions lead to a negative outcome, then the behavior then becomes less likely to occur
  • Social learning theory
    Much of learning takes place through observation
  • Social learning theory
    • Bandura's Bobo doll experiment
  • Learning something does not necessarily result in a change in behavior
  • Cognitive learning theory
    Mental processes are an important part in understanding how we learn
  • Cognitive learning theory
    • Learners can be influenced by both internal and external elements
    • Plato and Descartes were early philosophers that focused on cognition
    • Jean Piaget's work focuses on environments and internal structures and how they impact learning
  • Schema
    The basic unit of knowledge, and schemata build up over a lifetime
  • Accommodation
    How we modify what we already know to take new information into account
  • Assimilation
    How the new knowledge is arranged in our heads alongside what we already know
  • Cognitive theory has developed over time, breaking off into sub-theories that focus on unique elements of learning and understanding
  • At the most basic level, the cognitive theory suggests that internal thoughts and external forces are both an important part of the cognitive process
  • Bloom's taxonomy
    Describes six different levels of cognitive learning in the form of a hierarchy
  • Constructivist theory

    Learners are active participants in their learning journey; knowledge is constructed based on experiences
  • Principles of constructivist theory

    • Knowledge is constructed
    • Learning is a social activity
    • Learning is an active process
    • Learning is contextual
    • People learn to learn, as they learn
    • Learning exists in the mind
    • Knowledge is personal
    • Motivation is key to learning
  • Humanism
    Directly focuses on the idea of self-actualization
  • Connectivism
    People learn and grow when they form connections
  • Transformative learning theory
    Learners can adjust their thinking based on new information
  • Transformative learning theory works well for adult students, as children don't have the same kind of transformation with their learning experiences
  • The theory states that our worldview is changed the more we learn, which helps us grasp new concepts and ideas
  • Experiential learning theory
    Focuses on learning by doing
  • Experiential learning theory
    • The first two stages, concrete learning and reflective observation, focus on grasping an experience
    • The latter two, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation are about transforming an experience
    • Effective learning is seen as the learner goes through the cycle of experiential learning theory
  • Participation
    Learning should permit and encourage active participation of the learner
  • Repetition
    Provide the learner with the opportunity for practice and repetition
  • Transference
    Whether learning will transfer to the actual situation
  • Transfer of training situations
    • Positive transfer
    • Negative transfer
    • No observable effect
  • Feedback
    Gives learners information on their progress
  • Overlearned behaviors

    • Ensure smooth performance
    • Minimum of forgetting at a later date
  • Proficiency in learning and retaining new skills

    Improved when individuals visualize themselves performing the new behavior
  • Transference
    When learning occurs in a special environment, an important question is whether learning will transfer to the actual situation
  • Transfer of training
    Trainees can apply the knowledge and skills learned in training course to their jobs