bio 2

• Seed plants


  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
• Gymnosperms


  • Have no ovaries where seeds develop
  • Are heterosporous and bear naked seeds
  • Pollination is wind-dependent
• Gymnosperms


  • Conifers – are evergreens that include redwoods, pines and cedars
  • Cycads – are palm-like plants
• Angiosperms


  • Ovules and seeds are enclosed by a carpel
  • Characterized by double fertilization that produces the endosperm
  • Produces flowers and fruits
  • Pollination is thru insects and other animals
  • Divided into two classes: monocot and dicot

  
• Parts of a flowering plant

  • Shoot system – includes flowers, leaves and stem
  • Root system

  
• Parts of the shoot system

  • Stem
  • Leaves
  • Terminal bud
  • Axillary bud
  • Flowers
  • Fruits
• Node


  Where leaves attach
• Internode


  Area between nodes
• Blade


  Expanded portion of a leaf
• Petiole


  Attaches leaf to stem
• Modified stems


  • Bulb
  • Rhizome
  • Tuber
  • Stolon
• Parts of a leaf

  • Epidermis
  • Stomata
  • Guard cells
  • Mesophyll
  • Xylem
  • Phloem

  
• Parts of a flower

  • Sepals
  • Petals
  • Stamen
  • Carpel or pistil

  
• Types of flowers


  • Complete flower
  • Incomplete flower
  • Perfect flower
  • Imperfect flower
• Root system


  • Firmly anchors plant to soil
  • Absorbs and transports water and minerals while some function for storage of food
• Types of root systems

  • Taproot system
  • Fibrous system
• Differences between monocot and dicot plants

  • Number of cotyledon
  • Arrangement of vascular bundles
  • Venation of leaves
  • Floral parts
  • Root system

  
• Types of plant cells

  • Parenchyma cells
  • Collenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma cells
  • Water-conducting cells of xylem
  • Food-conducting cells of phloem
• Types of plant tissues

  • Dermal tissue
  • Vascular tissues
  • Ground tissue

  
• Meristem


  Actively growing plant tissue, which may be apical or lateral

  
• Lifespan of plants


  • Annual
  • Biennial
  • Perennial
• Life cycle of flowering plants

  1. Sporophyte (diploid or 2n) produces haploid (n) spores by meiosis

  2. Gametophytes (haploid or n) produced from mitosis of spores

  3. Male gametophyte

  4. Female gametophyte

  
• Pollination


  Occurs when the pollen attaches on the stigma. The pollen elongates down the style and releases two spermatozoa into the embryo sac, which fertilizes the eggs.
• Processes occurring after fertilization

  1. Formation of endosperm

  2. Development of the seed

  3. Development of the fruit
• Endosperm


  Food-storing tissue produced through double fertilization, wherein after zygote formation, spermatozoa fuses with two polar nuclei in the ovary to form a triploid nutritive tissue
• Plant hormones that control development

  • Auxin
  • Gibberillin
  • Ethylene
  • Abscisic acid
  • Cytokinin
• Macronutrients


  Required in large quantities (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus)
• Micronutrients


  Required in minute quantities (iron. zinc, copper, manganese)
• Hydroponics


  Growing plants in an aqueous solution wherein nutrients, pH and temperature are controlled
• Nitrogen fixation


  Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by nitrogen-fixing bacteria
• An animal is a multicellular heterotroph that may be sessile or motile. It is capable of storing carbohydrate as glycogen.
• Animal cell


  • Capable of anaerobic and aerobic respiration
  • Has no cell wall
• Animal tissues


  • Epithelial tissues
  • Connective tissues
  • Muscle tissues
  • Nervous tissues
• Epithelial tissues


  • Act as covering of body surfaces and as lining of hollow visceral organs, blood vessels and body cavities
  • May be one layer of cells (simple squamous epithelium) or several layers of cells (stratified squamous epithelium)
• Types of connective tissues

  • For support and protection: loose and dense connective tissues, cartilages, bone
  • For transport of substances: blood
  • For storage: adipose tissue
• Types of muscle tissues

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
• Nervous tissues


  • Basic property: irritability
  • Function: coordination and control
• Parts of a neuron

  • Soma or cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
• Types of neurons


  • Sensory neuron
  • Motor neuron
  • Interneuron
• Animal organ systems


  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Digestive system