Cours4

• Virtual therapy


  It involves a form in which mental health professionals (e.g., counselors, psychotherapists) provide services through a virtual connection
• Telepsychology


  Web therapy, phone therapy, text therapy
• Therapeutic alliance in digital interventions

  Focus on client's needs and goals, not necessarily on the therapist-client relationship
• Therapeutic alliance in digital interventions

  • Not necessarily on the therapist-client relationship
• Digital interventions in Schizophrenia


  • Mobile assessment, Monitorization, Brief CBT-oriented interventions, Targeted for: medication adherence, Socialization, Auditory hallucinations monitoring
• Digital interventions in Quitting smoking

  • Mobile assessment, Physical and psychological cravings monitorization, Brief CBT-oriented interventions (cognitive restructuring techniques), Social support, Alternative methods to deal with cravings (physical exercises)
• Worldwide


  • BetterHelp, ReGain.us, TalkSpace, BrightSide, Cerebral, Teen Counseling, Pride Counseling, Faithful Counseling, myCompass - Black Dog Institute in Australia, SmokeFree, Thymia
• I'm Fine


  Administrative role, Self-assessment and self-monitoring
• Chatbots


  Rule-based, Retrieval-based, Self-learning (chatGPT), Generative-based (chatGPT)
• SmokeFree


  • ChatBot, Tasks - missions, Gamification (achievements), Social support (forum/chat)
• VR (Virtual Reality)


  VR exposure addresses behavioral, emotional, and cognitive issues in order to change / improve depending on psychological disorders
• VR & Social phobia

  • Avatar visual change, Verbal and non-verbal interactions, Facial expressions, The role of VR in contributing to social skills and self-esteem, The mental health specialist can create and control the verbal interactions between the patient and the elements in the context
• VR & Specific phobias

  • Access to specific situations, objects, or animals depending on the intensity of the phobias, Phobia: fear vs. disgust (Fear: claustrophobia, fear of heights; Disgust: trypophobia, ichthyophobia)
• VR & Agoraphobia


  • Gradual exposure of the patient in some virtual spaces (e.g., city, public transportation, supermarket) to manage social reactions (assisted by therapist), VR control allows the specialist to increase the number of people present in the virtual space, To intensify the emotional reactions of those around you, live feedback
• AR (Augmented Reality)


  Augmented reality exposure therapy
• Unity, Unreal Engine, Python
• Computerized and Internet-based treatments

  Treatments for depression that have been developed and tested in controlled trials
• Meta-analysis


  A study that summarizes the effects of these treatments and investigates characteristics of studies that may be related to the effects
• Internet and other computerized treatments hold promise as potentially evidence-based treatments of depression
• ...It would be really good to have it connected to your pulse rate and breathing rate, so that you can get biofeedback about how you are going with your breathing. If you were breath- ing in a shallow way, you'd get a reminder saying "Remember to do diaphragm breathing". (Female, aged 59)

  
• Between group effect sizes were low and treatment effects were maintained at 6-months follow-up
• No statistically significant differences between the two treatment conditions using a mixed models approach to account for missing data
• Group CBT


  Utilised considerably more therapist time than did Internet CBT
• Effect


  Proportion of PDSS responders
• Internet treatment


  Superior cost-effectiveness ratios in relation to group treatment both at post-treatment and follow-up
• This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effects of computerized and internet-based treatments for depression, focusing on the role of personal support. The authors included 12 studies with 2446 participants, with ten delivered via the internet. The mean effect size was 0.41, with a significant difference between supported and unsupported treatments. The authors concluded that although more studies are needed, internet and other computerized treatments hold promise as potentially evidence-based treatments of depression.
• covered in the Spek et al. study (e.g. not Internet-delivered). Overall, it appears that computerized treatments with therapist sup- port are much more effective than unsup- ported treatments, and this has been confirmed in onen studies as well (ea
• The study found no significant differences between the Internet and Group CBT treatment conditions on the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) after treatment. The group treatment used more therapist time, and the cost-effectiveness analysis showed that Internet treatment had superior cost-effectiveness ratios at post-treatment and follow-up, despite the use of more therapist time in group CBT.
• Meta-analysis


  A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies
• A meta-analysis of 39 randomized controlled trials found that virtual reality (VR) interventions were more effective than control conditions for anxiety and depression outcomes, but not for treatment attrition
• The study found high heterogeneity and consistent evidence of small study effects
• VR interventions outperformed control conditions for anxiety and depression but did not improve treatment drop-out
• The reliability of these effects was questionable due to high heterogeneity, potential publication bias, predominant use of waitlist controls, and high or uncertain risk of bias in most trials