UNIT 5

• start up - new business
• mediocre - average
• distinct - distinguishable
• Comparing people, things, places, events, situations, or even

  ideas is done to illustrate how they are similar to each other.
• Some words that signal similarities are also, like,

  both, as, similarly, in the same way, equally important, and

  likewise
• Contrasting is done to illustrate their differences from each other.
• Some words that signal contrast are but, however, though, on the other hand, and in contrast
• A paragraph that shows comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or purpose.
• severe- unpleasant
• focal - having great importance
• convert - to change from one to another
• cause states why something happens
• effect is what happens.
• With the cause-and-effect pattern, the

  writer can better explain how an event or action leads to another.
• signal words for cause and effect; as a result, accordingly, because of, due to, consequently, hence
• three different ways to utilize the cause-and-effect writing pattern: cause to effect, effect to cause, and consecutive cause and effect.
• Cause to Effect - In this pattern, the cause, which is either an event or action, is stated right at the beginning of a paragraph, followed by statements on its effects.
• Effect to cause - In this pattern, the effect is stated at the beginning of the text, followed by sentences and paragraphs that explain further the causes.
• Consecutive cause and effect - In this type of organization, each cause has its corresponding effect, and they are tackled one by one in a few sentences or paragraphs.
• anthropomorphic - having human qualities
• overhaul - to change something completely
• aspiration - strong desire to achieve something
• problem is defined as an unsatisfactory situation that causes

  troubles or difficulties that need to be solved.
• solution, a way to deal with the situation so that the troubles or difficulties are removed.
• the problem-solution pattern of development is used to deal with topics that logically pose problems and present solutions.
• variations of the problem-solution pattern are the problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, and problem-process-solution.
• Problem-solution - This is a pattern that has a straightforward approach. The problem is stated simply, and a possible solution is given.
• Problem-cause-solution - In this pattern, the cause of the problem is identified and analyzed before a possible solution is presented.
• Problem-process-solution - This pattern discusses the process or procedure extensively. The discussion addresses the problem while the leaders are led to the solutions.
• susceptible - easily affected
• mortgage - an agreement between a lender and a borrower whereby the lender agrees to lend money to the borrower for a specified period of time
• mediator - acting as a middleman
• process analysis discusses the steps taken in a given process.
• process refers to a series of actions or steps toward a specific end
• analysis refers to a detailed examination
• Process analysis texts make use of transitional words, such as first, second, then, lastly, and finally.
• instructional or directive - they teach the readers steps that lead to a particular result.
• informative - they explain how a certain process works.