Germany 1.3

• What did the war economy include, and when was it active (3) - Decrees for war production - by 1941 55% of the workforce worked on war related projects - Rationalisation decree in December 1941 - reform the economy by eliminating committees responsible for particular types of weaponry - Took place between 1939-42
• Success of war economy between 1939-42 (3) - Small increase in production of tanks and small planes - Germany was now able to exploit resources in conquored countries - Economy still sustaining the german war effort at this point
• Failure of the war economy betwene 1939-42 (3) - Plane production only went from 8000 to 10500 by June 1941 - Not ready for the invasion of the USSR (operation Barbarossa) due to labour shortage - Women made up 37% of the workforce by 1939
• Describe rationing in terrms of war economy and total war (2) - In 1939 some food and all clothes were rationed, with very limited amount of meat and diary available - Many consumer products like toilet paper, sweets and soap was rationed
• Success of rationing in terrms of war economy and total war - Distributed resources and freed up resources for the military
• Failure of rationing in terms of war economy and total war (2) - As defeat became more likely the government became more chaotic with rationing - Ration cards were not often honored and people relief on a black market
• Describe total war economy from 1942 in terms of war economy and total war (2) - 1942 Albert Sper appointed minister of armaments, women now allowed to work in armament factores - Skilled workers were no longer conscripted, and concentration camp inmates were to be used as workers
• Success of total war economy in terms of war economy and total war (2) - First 6 months after speer was appointed tank production rose by 25%, ammunition by 97% and total arms by 60% - By august 1944 there was a threefold increase in war materials compared to 1942
• Failure of total war economy in terms of war economy and total war (3) - Gauleiters at a local level prevented speers orders from being carried out - SS exploited conquored land for their own gain rather than war economy - Allied bombing prevented further arms production - Loss of Stalingrad, lack of supplies and bitter winter conditoons of 1942/43, also marked failure of german attempts to win caucasus oil fields
• 2 Impacts of bombing (2) - Impact on the economy - Impact on morale
• Describe the impact on the economy of bombing (3) - Air raids began in 1940, became more intense in 1942, drove many germans to move to rural areas impacting the workforce - killed 600,000 people - Hamburg bombing in 1943 caused a firestorm killing 30,000 and Dresden in 1945 killed 150,000 and destroyed 70% of property - Some believe it had little impact on german production levels, but industrial destruction and communications were disrupted preventing nazis achieving total war production
• Describe the impact on morale of bombing (2) - Propaganda was assuring people German was the superior race, but the bomb damage made germans question whether they were winning - Most of the time moral wasnt brought down, instead brought people together, most people still willing to fight for germany in 1945 - demonstrates lack of effectiveness in destroying morale
• What was operation barbarossa (2) - Invasion of soviet union, a turning point in german economy due to high casualties - Led to more men being drafted and vast quantities of ammunition and equipment exhausted
• Describe the Nazi racial policy and the final solution between 1933 and 1939 (2) - nazi racial policy began to be radicalised due to the working towards the fuhrer polycratic state of government - In 1941 the russian invasion added 3 million more jews to the 3 million Polish Jews - led to the development of final solution
• Describe the Nazi racial policy and the final solution in 1940 (3) - Invasion of poland added 3 million Jews into german 'territory' - Creation of Ghettoes - 400,000 in the space of 160,000, poor sanitation starving and barbed wire walls to ensure jews didnt leave - Madagascar Plan - plan to ship 3 million jews to madagascar (french colony), planned to trap them on the island
• Why didnt the madagascar plan come to fruition in terms of the Nazi racial policy and the final solution in 1940 - Britain was fighting in Africa at the time and had command of the seas, meaning the operation wouldve been impossible to carry out
• Describe the Nazi racial policy and the final solution in 1941 (3) - Escalation of policy due to russian invasion adding 3 million more jews - Use of SS einsatzgruppen murdered 500,000 jews by getting them to dig their own graves and shooting them into them - Experimentation with Zyklon B and the first extermination camp chelmno opened in 1941
• Why was the use of the SS einsatzgruppen an inadequate solution to the jewish problem in terms of the Nazi racial policy and the final solution in 1941 - Deemed a waste of ammo and destroyed morale in the einsatzgruppen
• Describe the Nazi racial policy and the final solution in 1942 (1) - January 1942 Wannsee conference - officially drew up plans to exterminate jews in teh final solution - all of the logistical problems to the suggestions made to exterminate jews in november 1941
• What 3 elements had an influence in the final solution - Role of Hitler - Role of the polycratic Nazi state and cumulative radicalisation - Role of War
• Describe the role of Hitler in the final solution (2) - speeches since 1920 contained proto-genocidal language, he had clear genocidal intent prior to the war - Himmler led the estbalishment of death camps and commisioned the einsatzgruppen - However hitler ultimatley decided the final solution as per himmlers diary entry in 1941 that hitler stated jews were to be exterminated
• Describe the role of polycratic nazi state and cumulative radicalisation in the final solution (2) - Culture of working towards the fuhrer encouraged nazi lieutenants to interpret the will of Hitler as a means to beenfit their own role - Jews did have restrictions prior to the war, but it was the polyrcratic state that begam confining jews to ghettoes and deployment of einsatzgruppen
• Describe the role of the war in the final solution (3) - German invasion of poland led to the jewish problem and then ghettoisation as a direct result - Work of the einsatzgruppen had begun prior to the agreement of the final solution proving the war had a role - War and invasion of soviet union put strain on germany, cost of feeding jews became to costly, so exterminating them became a more viable option
• Describe the forms of opposition during 1939-49 (5) - youth groups - church - communists - the elite - the army
• Describe opposition from youth groups in terms of opposition between 1939-49 (2) - Many joined swing youth or edelweiss pirates, Hitler youth lost its leadership as many were sent to fight, people lost interest in the increased military drills - White rose led by hans and sophi scholl, printed leaflets condemning the regiming and encouraging people not to gihht
• Effectiveness of youth opposition in terms of opposition between 1939-49 (3) - Edelweiss pirates did manage to kill the head of the cologne gestapo, but this led to the leaders of the group being arrested and killed - White rose actually achieved very little, hans and sophie were executed - 739 youths were arrested, many sent to concentration camps
• Describe opposition from the church in terms of opposition between 1939-49 (3) - Bonhoeffer set up confessing church and undergroun seminaries - Bonhoeffer joined the german resistance visiting europe to try and win support for setting up a postwar government in germany - arrested in 1942 and hanged in April 1945 - Church as a whole was largely ineffective
• Describe opposition in the form of communists in terms of opposition between 1939-49 (3) - Formed the red orchestra infiltrating the government as spies for the soviet union - Transmitted vital information back to the USSR and printed anti-nazi pamphlets - Ineffective as it was destroyed by the gestapo in 1942
• Describe opposition in the form of the elite in terms of opposition between 1939-49 (2) - Kreisau circle made a plan for a new germany after hitler, and drew up the 'basic principles for the new order' wanting to end war with west but continue war against communist russia - Lacked real popular support
• Describe opposition in the form of the army in terms of opposition between 1939-49 (2) - July Bomb plot and Operation Valkyrie (1944) - included the likes of colonel von stauffenburg and Geral ludwig beck who attempted to assassinate hitler - Hitler used this as an excuse to round up 7000 opponents and kill 5000, hence this was greatly ineffective
• List some social impacts on Germany as a result of the war (3) - 4.3 million German troops killed - 2/3 of men born from 1918 did not survive the war - 600,000 civilians cilled with 20 million now homeless
• Give one economic consequence of the second world war - German agriculture was 35% of that of pre-war levels
• What were the 4 elements making up the division of germany into zones in 1945 - Tephran meeting - November 1943 - Moscow Meeting - October 1944 - Yalta conference - February 1945 - Potsdam - July 1945
• Describe the November 1943 Tephran meeting in terms of the division of germany into zones in 1945 (3) - Stalin, churchill and roosevelt met during the war to find a military strategy to end the war - Stalin threatened peace with germnay as Britain and US were slow in opening a second front, Russia was bearing the most casualties - Churchill used matchsticks to shift the borders of poland and germany, keeping stalin in the war by guarenteeing him more land
• Describe the october 1944 moscow meeting in terms of the division of germany into zones in 1945 - Stalin and Churchill were present, this is where the spheres of influence idea was developed in Europe
• What were the problems facing Germany in 1945 in terms of the division of germany into zones in 1945 (2) - 20% of housing was destroyed, with 10 million displaced - State was in economic ruin
• Describe the February 1945 Yalta Conference in terms of the division of germany into zones in 1945 (4) - Developed terms for when war with germany was to end - Poland was to have free and fair elections, stalin believed his had a sphere of influence in poland - USSR was to join the war against Japan - Germany was to be divided into zones under the allied contol council
• Describe the July 1945 Potsdam conference in terms of the division of germany into zones in 1945 (4) - Roosevelt died in April 1945 replaced by truman, churchill was replaced by election mid-potsdam by Attlee, contributed to the unstable atmosphere of potsdam - US testing of atomic bomb, without telling stalin, led to an atmosphere of mistrust as stalin knew about the test from spies, but let the situation play out - Agreed on the 4D's and the zones of occupation - Reparations were agreed - including USSR getting 25% of the industrial output from each of the other zones
• Describe Demilitarisation in terms of events following the second world war prior to the division of germany in 1949 - Germany's surrender led to the disbandment of its army - West Germany was later allowed an army in 1955 and allowed to join NATO
• Describe Denazification in the western zones in terms of events following the second world war prior to the division of germany in 1949 (3) - 5000 brought to trial following nurembug, 700 death penalties - West tried to distinguish between levels of nazi members, but recognised to rebuild germany it needed to keep highly skilled civilians - Let most off with a questionnaire, this ranked nazis into 5 categories, with the top 3 requiring a tribunal hearing