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Paper 1
Cell biology
Stem Cells
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Mohamed Sid Ahmed
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Cards (13)
Stem cell
An
undifferentiated
cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and can
differentiate
into other types of cells
Fertilization
1.
Sperm
cell joins with
ovum
2.
Fertilized
ovum undergoes
mitosis
3. Forms a ball of cells called an
embryo
4. Cells continue to undergo
mitosis
5. Cells begin to form
specialized
cells
Differentiation
The process where
cells
specialize into
different
cell types
Embryonic
stem cells
Undifferentiated
cells in the early stage embryo that can
differentiate
into any type of body cell
Adult stem cells
Stem cells found in
adult
organisms that cannot
differentiate
into any other type of cell
Adult stem cells
Bone marrow
stem cells that
differentiate
into blood cells
Bone marrow transplant
1. Patient's bone marrow
destroyed
2. Patient receives
transplant
of
donor
bone marrow
3. Stem cells
divide
and form new bone marrow
4. Stem cells
differentiate
and form
blood
cells
Problems with bone marrow transplants
Donor must be
compatible
Risk of
viruses
being passed from donor to patient
Therapeutic cloning
1.
Embryo
produced with same
genes
as patient
2.
Stem
cells from
embryo
transplanted into patient
3. Stem cells
differentiate
to replace
malfunctioning
cells
Therapeutic
cloning could be useful for a range of
medical
conditions
Some people have
ethical
or religious objections to therapeutic
cloning
Plant stem cells
Found in
meristem
tissue at
root
tips and buds
Can
differentiate
into any
plant
tissue at any point in the plant's life
Using plant stem cells
1. Clone rare plants to prevent
extinction
2. Produce cloned crop plants resistant to
diseases