Ethics

• Morality


  The set of unwritten rules that guides us on the things that we should or should not do in order to attain harmony and orderliness in any undertaking
• Ethics


  The process of applying these moral standards and principles that we want to employ in our everyday living
• Potter Stewart: 'Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do'
• Why ethics is needed in research

  • It keeps the researcher from committing errors while seeking knowledge and truth
  • It promotes values such as accountability, cooperation, coordination, mutual respect and fairness
  • It draws public trust. Many funding agencies may choose to support researches which give high regard in promoting moral & social values
• Ethical issues in research

  • Considerations on using animals in research
  • Considerations involving human participation
  • Scientific misconduct
• When are animals the most appropriate samples to use in research?

  When the mechanism is too complex for in vitro testing or use of lower form of animals to give conclusive results and is unethical to conduct the study on human beings (e.g. preliminary testing of drug safety and efficacy)
• Ethical considerations in animal studies

  • Avoidance or minimization of the use of animals by resorting to alternative methods, or if not possible, at least the number of animals that will be used in the study (REDUCE)
  • Avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, or pain as ethical imperatives (REFINE)
  • Observance of humane way of anesthesia, surgery and euthanasia
  • Provision of best possible living conditions
  • Possibility that animals can be replaced by other materials or other non-living or non-biological subjects (REPLACE)
• Existing guidelines/laws/protocols in protecting the welfare of animals

  • CIOMS (Council for International Organizations for Medical Sciences) International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals
  • Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council, USA
  • Animal Welfare Act of 1998 (RA 8485)
  • Department of Agriculture AO No. 40 – Rules and Regulations on the Conduct of Scientific Procedures Using Animals
  • Philippine Association of Laboratory Animal Sciences (PALAS) Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in the Philippines
• SECTION 6. It shall be unlawful for any person to torture any animal, to neglect to provide adequate care, sustenance or shelter, or maltreat any animals or to subject any dog or horse to dogfights or horse fights, kill or cause or procure to be tortured or deprived of adequate care sustenance or shelter, or maltreat or use the same in research or experiments not expressly authorized by the Committee on Animal Welfare.
• IACUC


  Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee formed by a research institution to oversee the processes done on every animal research, responsible for examining, reviewing and approving the methods and procedures done on a particular research study, all IACUCs are registered under the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture
• Rights of human research participants

  • Right to voluntary participation
  • Right to informed consent
  • Right to be protected from harm
  • Right to confidentiality
  • Right to anonymity
• The Data Privacy Act of 2012, also known as Republic Act. No. 10173, aims to protect the fundamental human rights of privacy, of communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote innovation and growth.
• Scientific misconduct


  Happens when we deviate from the universally accepted behavior of conducting research, resulting to scientific dishonesty
• Areas of scientific dishonesty

  • Fabrication and falsification of data
  • Non-publication of data
  • Faulty data-gathering procedures
  • Plagiarism
• Types of plagiarism


  • Clone - an act of submitting other's work, word-by-word, as one's own
  • Ctrl+C (Copy-Paste) - Copying a written piece that contains significant portions of a text from a single source without alterations
  • Find-Replace - the act of changing keywords and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source in a paper
  • Remix - an act of paraphrasing from other sources and making the content fit together seamlessly
  • Recycle - the act of borrowing generously from one's own previous work without citation. Also called self-plagiarism
  • Hybrid - the act of combining perfectly cited sources with copied passages – without citation – in one paper
  • Mash-up - a paper that represents a mix of copied materials from several different sources without proper citation
  • 404 Error - a written piece that includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources
  • Aggregator - paper includes proper citation, but contains almost no original work
  • Re-tweet - paper includes proper citation, but relies closely on the text's original wording and/or structure
• Performance Tasks


  1. Investigate on plagiarism. Present profiles of prominent personalities who committed plagiarism in any possible way. Analyze the situation as to what type of plagiarism was committed (Individual)

  2. Develop an informed consent (Groupwork)

  3. How will you promote scientific honesty and ethics in your everyday endeavors? Make a mini commercial about this (Groupwork)
• • Ethical considerations in animal studies
  • ( reduce)Avoidance or minimization of the use of animals by resorting to alternative methods, or if not possible, at least the number of animals that will be used in the study
  • Avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, or pain as ethical imperatives (REFINE)
  • Observance of humane way of anesthesia, surgery and euthanasia
  • Provision of best possible living conditions
  • Possibility that animals can be replaced by other materials or other non-living or non-biological subjects (REPLACE)
• Summarizing


  When a text is significantly reduced from its original length but keeps the key ideas intact and still expressing what the author meant to explain
• Summarizing


  • Acts as a guide in putting the key ideas together
  • Explains arguments using fewer words
  • Gives supporting ideas
  • Brings about deeper understanding
• The summary features the main arguments of a text by using words that are less than the original text
• Qualities of a good summary


  • Uses your own words to explain ideas from the text
  • Only Includes ideas relevant to the topic
  • Has shorter and more concise words
  • Emphasizes main arguments of the text
  • Only contains ideas that are mentioned in the original text
• Qualities of a poor summary

  • Uses the exact words from the original text
  • Includes ideas irrelevant to the topic
  • Has equal or longer length to the original
  • Misses out on the key ideas of the text
  • Writes down ideas not mentioned in the original text
• How to write a good summary

  1. Read the original work carefully before writing the summary

  2. List down the key ideas of the text using your own words

  3. Eliminate all information that is unnecessary and irrelevant

  4. Compare the summary and the original work

  5. Start the summary using signal phrases to introduce the material
• You must write the summary based on how you understand the text and include the main argument of the author
• Summarizing


  Writing the core of the text. The main purpose is to narrow down a text to highlight its main arguments
• Paraphrasing


  A way of using different words to present the same ideas from the original text. Used with short portions of text, such as sentences and phrases
• Quoting


  Writing the exact words used in a short segment of the original source
• The purpose of a summary is to feature the main arguments of a text using less words than in the original text
• A good summary is concise, contains relevant information, and stresses the key points of the original text
• Other skills related to summarizing are paraphrasing and quoting
• Paraphrasing is used for shorter texts, whereas quoting states exactly what the author mentioned in the original text
• Buckley, Joanne. Fit to Print: The Canadian Student's Guide to Essay Writing.


  Toronto: Nelson, 2004.
• Ellison, Carol. Writing Research Papers.


  New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
• "Guidelines for Writing a Summary." Hunter College.

  Accessed April 18, 2020. http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/the-writing-process-1/invention/Guidelines-for-Writing-a-Summary
• "Paraphrasing, Summarising, and Quoting." UNSW Sydney.


  Accessed April 18, 2020. https://student.unsw.edu.au/paraphrasing-summarising-and-quoting
• "Summarizing." University of Manitoba.

  Accessed April 18, 2020. https://umanitoba.ca/student/academiclearning/media/Summarizing_NEW.pdf