laboratory manual ch 14-28

• Subcutaneous tissue


  Connects the skin to the underlying structures
• Skin


  • Plays a vital role in temperature maintenance, fluid and electrolyte balance, and synthesis of vitamin D
• Innermost layer of epidermis


  The only layer of the skin that undergoes cell division
• Factors that determine skin color

  • Melanin
  • Carotene
  • Volume of circulating blood
• Dermis


  Where hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands originate from
• Apocrine glands


  Dormant until puberty, concentrated in the areola of the breast
• Vellus hair


  Short, pale, and fine hair that is present over much of the body
• Primary function of hair in the nose and eyelashes

  To serve as a filter for dust
• Nails


  Composed of keratinized epidermal cells, located on the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes
• Squamous cell carcinoma is associated with overall amount of sun exposure
• Domestic abuse


  Bruises around the neck and face
• Patchy hair loss


  Symptoms of stress
• Squamous cell carcinomas are most common on body sites with heavy sun exposure
• African American persons are more susceptible to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus
• Sudden generalized hair loss

  Hypothyroidism
• There is a genetic component with skin cancer, especially malignant melanoma
• Skin elasticity


  Related to adequate fluid intake
• Central cyanosis


  Observed by inspecting the oral mucosa
• Anemia in dark-skinned clients

  Skin appears ashen
• Cyanosis in dark-skinned clients


  Skin appears pale, with blue-tinged lips and oral mucosa
• Jaundice in dark-skinned clients

  Observed by inspecting the sclera
• Small yellowish brown patches on hands

  Caused by aging of the skin in older adults
• Fungal disease


  Fluorescence is blue under Wood light
• Pressure ulcer


  Stage II - small area of skin broken, resembling an erosion
• Skin turgor assessment


  Use two fingers to pinch the skin under the clavicle
• Beau lines


  Indicate a recent illness
• Early clubbing of nails

  Indicates signs and symptoms of hypoxia
• Freckles

  Documented as macules
• Elevated, palpable, solid mass with circumscribed border


  Documented as a plaque
• Herpes simplex lesions


  Measure size of vesicles
• Linear cracks in skin on both feet

  Documented as fissures
• Elevated, irregular, reddened mass at ear after piercing

  Documented as a keloid
• Discoid systemic lupus erythematosus

  Risk for ineffective health maintenance related to deficient knowledge of effects of sunlight on skin lesions
• Lichenification


  Thickening of the skin characterized by accentuated skin marking--thickened, roughened skin
• Urticaria


  Hives, pruritic wheals, often transient and allergic in origin
• Papule


  Solid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion; 1cm or less in diameter
• Wheal


  Elevated, solid, transient lesion; often irregularly shaped; an edematous--localized edema (ex. insect bite)
• Keloid


  Hypertrophic scar tissue; prevalent in nonwhite races
• Nevus


  Congenital pigmented area on skin, mole or birthmark
• Petechiae


  Tiny, flat, purple or red spots on the surface of the skin resulting from minute hemorrhaging--red or purple macules