by works

• the letter of James speaks about justification by works
• • faith is useless on its own: it doesn't keep a poor person warm; even demons believe in God
  • faith is expressed through works: Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son for God
• parable of the sheep and goats

  • judgement will be based on the individual human's help for or failure to help those in need
• emphasised by Jesus on the Sermon on the Mount:

  • "only the one who does the will of my Father who is in heaven"
• "faith without works is dead" - James