FINALS (OSTEOPOROSIS)

Created by

Galure

Cards (35)

What is osteoporosis?
   - a) A condition where bones become weak and brittle
   - b) A condition where bones become overly dense
   - c) A condition where bones become inflamed
   - d) A condition where bones become infected
A
Which demographic is at higher risk for osteoporosis?
   - a) Asian and Caucasian female patients
   - b) African male patients
   - c) Young children
   - d) Pregnant women
A.
What are common sites for osteoporosis-related fractures?
   - a) Hip, wrist, and spine
   - b) Shoulder, knee, and ankle
   - c) Elbow, fingers, and toes
   - d) Skull, ribs, and pelvis
A.
List three potential symptoms of osteoporosis. 
Back pain, loss of height, stooped posture, bones that breaks easily
What happens when bone resorption exceeds bone formation?
   - a) Bone mass increases
   - b) Bone mass remains stable
   - c) Bone mass decreases
   - d) Bone mass fluctuates
C
When do men and women typically begin to lose bone mass?
   - a) Second decade
   - b) Third or fourth decade
   - c) Fifth or sixth decade
   - d) Seventh or eighth decade
B.
How does estrogen deficiency during menopause affect bone health?
   - a) Decreases osteoclast activity
   - b) Increases osteoclast activity
   - c) Increases osteoblast activity
   - d) Decreases osteoblast activity
B.
Name two common contributing factors to male osteoporosis. 
Secondary cause & ageing
What effect do glucocorticoids have on bone formation?
   - a) Increase proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts
   - b) Decrease proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts
   - c) Increase calcium absorption
   - d) Decrease bone resorption
B.
At what oral dose of prednisone or equivalent daily have fractures been associated?
    - a) 1.0 mg
    - b) 2.5 mg
    - c) 5.0 mg
    - d) 10.0 mg
B.
What are the risk factors listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to predict the percent probability of fracture in the next 10 years? (Select all that apply)
   - a) Age
   - b) Race/ethnicity
   - c) Blood type
   - d) Sex (gender)
   - e) Previous fragility fracture
   - f) Parent history of hip fracture
   - g) Body mass index
   - h) Glucocorticoid use
   - i) Smoking & alcohol use (three or more drinks per day)
   - j) Rheumatoid arthritis
   - k) Select secondary causes
A, B, D, E, F, H, I, J, K
Which of the following is NOT a physical examination finding associated with osteoporosis?
   - a) Bone pain
   - b) Postural changes (ie, kyphosis)
   - c) Loss of height (>1.5 in [3.8 cm])
   - d) Increased muscle mass
D.
What is the diagnostic standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD)?
   - a) Blood test
   - b) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine
   - c) MRI
   - d) Ultrasound of the forearm
B.
What does a T-score at or below -2.5 indicate?
   - a) Normal bone mass
   - b) Osteopenia (low bone mass)
   - c) Osteoporosis
   - d) Hypercalcemia
C.
. What laboratory tests are commonly performed in the diagnosis of osteoporosis? (Select all that apply)
   - a) Complete blood count (CBC)
   - b) Creatinine
   - c) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
   - d) Calcium
   - e) Phosphorus
   - f) Alkaline phosphatase
   - g) Albumin
   - h) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
   - i) Free testosterone
   - j) 25-hydroxyvitamin D
   - k) 24-hour urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus
ALL
What are the goals of treatment in patients with osteoporosis? (Select all that apply)
   - a) Stabilize or improve bone mass and strength
   - b) Prevent fractures
   - c) Increase blood pressure
   - d) Improve function and quality of life
A, B, D
Which dietary element is important for individuals with osteoporosis to maintain?
   - a) High sodium intake
   - b) High cholesterol intake
   - c) Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
   - d) High sugar intake
C.
How can you calculate the amount of calcium in a food serving?
   - a) Multiply the percentage of the daily value by 10
   - b) Add a zero to the percentage of the daily value on food labels
   - c) Divide the percentage of the daily value by 2
   - d) Subtract the percentage of the daily value from 100
B.
What is the recommended maximum alcohol consumption for women with osteoporosis?
   - a) One drink per day
   - b) Two drinks per day
   - c) Three drinks per day
   - d) Four drinks per day
A.
What type of exercise is beneficial for individuals with osteoporosis?
    - a) Weight-bearing aerobic and strengthening exercises
    - b) High-impact sports
    - c) Prolonged bed rest
    - d) Swimming only
A.
What is the maximum recommended single dose of elemental calcium to ensure proper absorption?
   - a) 200 mg
   - b) 400 mg
   - c) 600 mg
   - d) 800 mg
C.
Which form of calcium should be ingested with meals to enhance absorption in an acidic environment?
   - a) Calcium citrate
   - b) Calcium carbonate
   - c) Tricalcium phosphate
   - d) Calcium sulfate
B.
What is a potential benefit of calcium citrate over calcium carbonate?
   - a) Higher concentration of elemental calcium
   - b) Less expensive
   - c) Fewer gastrointestinal side effects
   - d) Requires acidic environment for absorption
C.
How does vitamin D supplementation aid in the treatment of osteoporosis?
   - a) Decreases bone resorption
   - b) Maximizes intestinal calcium absorption and BMD
   - c) Increases phosphorus absorption
   - d) Reduces muscle mass
B.
. What is the effect of bisphosphonates on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk?
   - a) Decrease BMD and increase fracture risk
   - b) Increase BMD and reduce fracture risk
   - c) No effect on BMD or fracture risk
   - d) Increase fracture risk without affecting BMD
B.
Which bisphosphonates are indicated for postmenopausal, male, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis?
   - a) Alendronate, risedronate, and IV zoledronic acid
   - b) Alendronate and oral ibandronate
   - c) IV ibandronate and risedronate
   - d) Zoledronic acid and oral ibandronate
A.
What is the mechanism of action of denosumab (Prolia)?
   - a) Increases osteoclast activity
   - b) Inhibits osteoclast formation and increases osteoclast apoptosis
   - c) Decreases bone resorption by osteoblasts
   - d) Increases calcium absorption in the gut
B.
How often is denosumab administered for osteoporosis treatment?
   - a) Daily
   - b) Weekly
   - c) Monthly
   - d) Every six months
D.
What is the black box warning associated with raloxifene?
   - a) Risk of liver disease
   - b) Risk of kidney failure
   - c) Risk of stroke in women at risk
   - d) Risk of heart attack
C.
Why is salmon calcitonin preferred over its mammalian form for osteoporosis treatment?
    - a) It is cheaper
    - b) It is more potent and longer lasting
    - c) It has fewer side effects
    - d) It is easier to administer
B.
What is the recommended intranasal dose of calcitonin for osteoporosis treatment?
    - a) 100 units daily
    - b) 200 units daily, alternating nares every other day
    - c) 300 units weekly
    - d) 400 units monthly
B.
What happens to bone mass and fracture protection when estrogen therapy is discontinued?
    - a) Bone mass increases, and fracture protection is enhanced
    - b) Bone loss accelerates, and fracture protection is lost
    - c) Bone mass remains the same, and fracture protection remains
    - d) Bone mass and fracture protection are unaffected
B.
For how long is teriparatide (Forteo) approved for use in osteoporosis treatment?
    - a) 6 months
    - b) 1 year
    - c) 2 years
    - d) 5 years
C.
What is the daily dose of teriparatide, and where is it administered?
    - a) 10 mcg subcutaneously in the upper arm
    - b) 20 mcg subcutaneously in the thigh or abdomen
    - c) 30 mcg subcutaneously in the hip
    - d) 40 mcg subcutaneously in the upper arm or thigh
B.
How often should central DXA BMD measurements be obtained after initiating osteoporosis medication to monitor response?
    - a) Every 6 months
    - b) Every 1 to 2 years
    - c) Every 3 to 4 years
    - d) Every 5 years
B.