- a) A condition where bones become weak and brittle
- b) A condition where bones become overly dense
- c) A condition where bones become inflamed
- d) A condition where bones become infected
A
Which demographic is at higher risk for osteoporosis?
- a) Asian and Caucasian female patients
- b) African male patients
- c) Young children
- d) Pregnant women
A.
What are common sites for osteoporosis-related fractures?
- a) Hip, wrist, and spine
- b) Shoulder, knee, and ankle
- c) Elbow, fingers, and toes
- d) Skull, ribs, and pelvis
A.
List three potential symptoms of osteoporosis.
Backpain, loss of height, stoopedposture, bones that breaks easily
What happens when bone resorption exceeds bone formation?
- a) Bone mass increases
- b) Bone mass remains stable
- c) Bone mass decreases
- d) Bone mass fluctuates
C
When do men and women typically begin to lose bone mass?
- a) Second decade
- b) Third or fourth decade
- c) Fifth or sixth decade
- d) Seventh or eighth decade
B.
How does estrogen deficiency during menopause affect bone health?
- a) Decreases osteoclast activity
- b) Increases osteoclast activity
- c) Increases osteoblast activity
- d) Decreases osteoblast activity
B.
Name two common contributing factors to male osteoporosis.
Secondary cause & ageing
What effect do glucocorticoids have on bone formation?
- a) Increase proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts
- b) Decrease proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts
- c) Increase calcium absorption
- d) Decrease bone resorption
B.
At what oral dose of prednisone or equivalent daily have fractures been associated?
- a) 1.0 mg
- b) 2.5 mg
- c) 5.0 mg
- d) 10.0 mg
B.
What are the risk factors listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to predict the percent probability of fracture in the next 10 years? (Select all that apply)
- a) Age
- b) Race/ethnicity
- c) Blood type
- d) Sex (gender)
- e) Previous fragility fracture
- f) Parent history of hip fracture
- g) Body mass index
- h) Glucocorticoid use
- i) Smoking & alcohol use (three or more drinks per day)
- j) Rheumatoid arthritis
- k) Select secondary causes
A, B, D, E, F, H, I, J, K
Which of the following is NOT a physical examination finding associated with osteoporosis?
- a) Bone pain
- b) Postural changes (ie, kyphosis)
- c) Loss of height (>1.5 in [3.8 cm])
- d) Increased muscle mass
D.
What is the diagnostic standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD)?
- a) Blood test
- b) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine
- c) MRI
- d) Ultrasound of the forearm
B.
What does a T-score at or below -2.5 indicate?
- a) Normal bone mass
- b) Osteopenia (low bone mass)
- c) Osteoporosis
- d) Hypercalcemia
C.
. What laboratory tests are commonly performed in the diagnosis of osteoporosis? (Select all that apply)
- a) Complete blood count (CBC)
- b) Creatinine
- c) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- d) Calcium
- e) Phosphorus
- f) Alkaline phosphatase
- g) Albumin
- h) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- i) Free testosterone
- j) 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- k) 24-hour urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus
ALL
What are the goals of treatment in patients with osteoporosis? (Select all that apply)
- a) Stabilize or improve bone mass and strength
- b) Prevent fractures
- c) Increase blood pressure
- d) Improve function and quality of life
A, B, D
Which dietary element is important for individuals with osteoporosis to maintain?
- a) High sodium intake
- b) High cholesterol intake
- c) Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
- d) High sugar intake
C.
How can you calculate the amount of calcium in a food serving?
- a) Multiply the percentage of the daily value by 10
- b) Add a zero to the percentage of the daily value on food labels
- c) Divide the percentage of the daily value by 2
- d) Subtract the percentage of the daily value from 100
B.
What is the recommended maximum alcohol consumption for women with osteoporosis?
- a) One drink per day
- b) Two drinks per day
- c) Three drinks per day
- d) Four drinks per day
A.
What type of exercise is beneficial for individuals with osteoporosis?
- a) Weight-bearing aerobic and strengthening exercises
- b) High-impact sports
- c) Prolonged bed rest
- d) Swimming only
A.
What is the maximum recommended single dose of elemental calcium to ensure proper absorption?
- a) 200 mg
- b) 400 mg
- c) 600 mg
- d) 800 mg
C.
Which form of calcium should be ingested with meals to enhance absorption in an acidic environment?
- a) Calcium citrate
- b) Calcium carbonate
- c) Tricalcium phosphate
- d) Calcium sulfate
B.
What is a potential benefit of calcium citrate over calcium carbonate?
- a) Higher concentration of elemental calcium
- b) Less expensive
- c) Fewer gastrointestinal side effects
- d) Requires acidic environment for absorption
C.
How does vitamin D supplementation aid in the treatment of osteoporosis?
- a) Decreases bone resorption
- b) Maximizes intestinal calcium absorption and BMD
- c) Increases phosphorus absorption
- d) Reduces muscle mass
B.
. What is the effect of bisphosphonates on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk?
- a) Decrease BMD and increase fracture risk
- b) Increase BMD and reduce fracture risk
- c) No effect on BMD or fracture risk
- d) Increase fracture risk without affecting BMD
B.
Which bisphosphonates are indicated for postmenopausal, male, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis?
- a) Alendronate, risedronate, and IV zoledronic acid
- b) Alendronate and oral ibandronate
- c) IV ibandronate and risedronate
- d) Zoledronic acid and oral ibandronate
A.
What is the mechanism of action of denosumab (Prolia)?
- a) Increases osteoclast activity
- b) Inhibits osteoclast formation and increases osteoclast apoptosis
- c) Decreases bone resorption by osteoblasts
- d) Increases calcium absorption in the gut
B.
How often is denosumab administered for osteoporosis treatment?
- a) Daily
- b) Weekly
- c) Monthly
- d) Every six months
D.
What is the black box warning associated with raloxifene?
- a) Risk of liver disease
- b) Risk of kidney failure
- c) Risk of stroke in women at risk
- d) Risk of heart attack
C.
Why is salmon calcitonin preferred over its mammalian form for osteoporosis treatment?
- a) It is cheaper
- b) It is more potent and longer lasting
- c) It has fewer side effects
- d) It is easier to administer
B.
What is the recommended intranasal dose of calcitonin for osteoporosis treatment?
- a) 100 units daily
- b) 200 units daily, alternating nares every other day
- c) 300 units weekly
- d) 400 units monthly
B.
What happens to bone mass and fracture protection when estrogen therapy is discontinued?
- a) Bone mass increases, and fracture protection is enhanced
- b) Bone loss accelerates, and fracture protection is lost
- c) Bone mass remains the same, and fracture protection remains
- d) Bone mass and fracture protection are unaffected
B.
For how long is teriparatide (Forteo) approved for use in osteoporosis treatment?
- a) 6 months
- b) 1 year
- c) 2 years
- d) 5 years
C.
What is the daily dose of teriparatide, and where is it administered?
- a) 10 mcg subcutaneously in the upper arm
- b) 20 mcg subcutaneously in the thigh or abdomen
- c) 30 mcg subcutaneously in the hip
- d) 40 mcg subcutaneously in the upper arm or thigh
B.
How often should central DXA BMD measurements be obtained after initiating osteoporosis medication to monitor response?