PI 1

• Experiment 


  A research method where cause effect is measured through the control and manipulation of key variables and where the pp are randomly allocated to experimental/control groups
• Godden and baddeley 


  18 deep sea diver,memorise 36 words

  1 group was underwater,another on the beach

  those who recalled the words in the same environment remembered more words
• IV


  context
• DV


  memory
• Directional hypothesis


  Godden and baddleys research suggests there will be a difference between context and memory
• Operationalisation of IV


  Classroom -control group

  Outside-Experimental group
• Operationalisation of DV


  if you recall more than 18 words,you have a good memory

  if you recall under 18 words,bad memory
• Alternative hypothesis


  There will be a difference between participants who recalled the words in the classroom,they are more likely to recall 18 or more words,compared to those who recalled outside,in a different environment to the learning stage
• Null hypothesis


  There will be no difference between participants who recalled the words in the classroom,to recall more than 18 words,compared to those who recalled outside,in a different environment to the learning stage
• Confounding variables

  • IQ
  • language barrier
  • amount of sleep
  • caffiene intake
• Extraneous variables


  • Fire alarm
  • temperature
  • small font on board
• Field experiment


  conducting research in a natural environment to the pp

  Advantage-minimise artificial behaviour

  -huge range of contexts can be used

  disadvantage-difficult to control confounding and extraneous variables

  -cant have access to all equipment

  Useful in my experiment as there is different environments needed(outside/classroom)
• Independent groups

  pp are placed in separate groups,each group takes part in one condition of the IV(classroom or outside)

  strength-no order effects

  weakness-cant control pp variables,one group may have better memories by chance

  Appropriate because there is 2 conditions in my research,easier to compare,higher reliability
• Opportunity sampling 


  pp are selected at the researchers convenience without knowing any details about the sample in advance

  • Easy to separate pp into groups into groups who turn up on the day
  • Biased sample,lacks validity
• Mean

  • uses all the data and can be used for interval data
  • affected by outliers,doesnt represent the data
• Bar chart


  Shows the difference between the control and experimental group,frequency

  non-continous data
• Chi squared


  -independent groups(2 groups:outside and classroom)

  -difference(Classroom and outside)

  -nominal data(named categories(classroom and outside)
• Test-retest reliability 


  conduct the test at a different time of day,with 36 words still but different words.
• Face validity


  assume that pp told the truth,if the test simply tests what it claims to
• Confidentiality 


  anonymous,no names were shared in findings,on a google form
• Risk of humiliation


  Gaps between people filling out the form,no embarrassment from the test
• Valid consent


  consent form and pp were given right to withdraw
• Procedures

  • everyone had the 36 words read out to them in the classroom as they appeared on the board,a 4 second interval between each word
  • learning stage,5 minutes,words were left on the board for 5 mins
  • travel to a new location,3 minutes,the experimental group went outside
  • time to recall,3 minutes,both control and experimental at the same time
  • each pp then filled out a google form(how many words they recalled,more or less than 18?)
• Results


  mean result of the control group was 17.9

  mean result of the experimental group was 17.7
• Memorise objects over words

  reduces confounding variables,such as IQ and language barrier
• Bigger sample


  more representative
• Not telling people the aim of research

  reduces demand characteristics
• Age


  Test people of different ages
• Time of day


  memory may be better at different times of day