IGCSE Sectors

• Primary (example+location)


  Extraction of raw materials to be supplied to other industries

  e.g. farming, fishing, mining

  Location: Distance from market, cost of transport, climate
• Secondary (example+location)


  Raw materials are assembled or manufactured to produce finished products

  e.g textile manufacturing and ship building

  Location: Car manufacturing requires more space than food processing
• Tertiary (example+location)


  Commercial, professional and social services

  e.g. transport, retail

  Location: Trafford centre
• Quartenary (example+location)


  Highly skilled services such as collecting and processing information, research and development.

  e.g computer progamming

  Location: Manchester Science Park
• Causes of change over time

  1) Availability of raw materials e.g. finite

  2) New tech and mechanisation e.g. new machines

  3) Globalisation e.g. TNCs

  4) Government policies e.g. tax incentives

  5) Demographic and social change e.g. more population
• Economic shifts in emerging country

  E.g. China

  Positive:

  • Economic development

  • Increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

  • Higher wages

  
  

  Negative:

  • Environmental pollution due to heavy industry and traffic congestion

  Shrinking primary sector - reduced food supply for the growing population
• Economic shifts in developed country

  E.g. UK

  Positive:

  • Reduced atmospheric pollution e.g. in 2019, greenhouse gas emissions 45% below 1990 levels

  • 'Knowledge-based' economy e.g., Worth £95bn per year, driven by high-tech companies

  
  

  Negative:

  • Regional inequality e.g., London's output is 2.5 times that of the North East of England.

  • Unemployment

  Increased zero-hour contracts
• Informal Employment causes


  Underemployment - Part time jobs only

  Rural to urban migration

  Surplus labour- Lack of opportunities for population

  · Low paid and insecure

  · Lack of regulation and rights e.g rickshaw, street food

  e.g Dhaka- poverty still prevalent, exposure to work related risks, uncertain legal status, lack of healthcare
• Theories on the relationship between population and resources

  Optimistic e.g., Esther Boserup (1965)

  Increase in population would be likely to stimulate progress in technology, more agriculture (food), renewable resources

  
  

  Pessimistic e.g., Thomas Malthus (1798)

  Population growth exceeds food supply so not enough food

  Birth rate or increased death rate because of famine