Social Stratification

• Environmental Poverty

  • A way of measuring deprivation in terms of conditions
• Life Chances

  • reffers to people's chances of having positive or negative outcomes
• Social Mobility

  • refers to people's movement up or down a society's strata
• Intergenerational social mobility

  • refers to movement between the generations of a family and occurs when a child enters a different class from their parents
• Social Mobility in the UK

  • Working-class children have less chance of moving in the professional occupations
  • Decrease mobility is partly due to changes in the occupational structure
  • UK has lower rates of social mobility than countries such as Canada, Norway, and Denmark
• Problems in Measuring Social Mobility

  • Intergenerational social mobility only focuses on males and reveal nothing about women's mobility
  • Participants may not remember their employment histories or their parents
  • Problems in deciding which point in a person's career to measure mobility from
• Income refers to the flow of resources that individuals and households receive over a specific period of time.
• Absolute Poverty

  • Income is insufficient to obtain the minimum needed to survive.
• Relative Poverty

  • Income is well below average so they are poor compared to others in society.
• Social exclusion

  • When people are shut out from everyday activities and customs
• Subjective Poverty

  • Based on whether people see themselves as living in poverty
• Impact of Globalisation on UK Poverty

  • more globalisation, more poverty
• Democracy

  • government by the people
• Dictatorship

  • political power is concentrated in the hands of an individual ruler who rules by force
• Proportional representation - under a PR electoral system, seats are allocated according to the number of votes that a party receives
• Constituency

  • a specific area in which the constituents elect an MP to represent them in the Parliament
• Pluralism: An approach which argues that a range of views, interest and opinions exists in society and no one group dominates the political process
• Direct Action

  • A campaign to raise awareness on an issue