science

• drug: 


  a substance that can have an effect on the body
• an effective drug

  • safe
  • stable / does not break
  • body needs to remove from system in short time
• Stages of drug trial


  1. Preclinical trials

  2. Clinical trials
• Preclinical trials


  • Cells and tissues- to check if its toxic
  • Animals- to see effect of whole body
• Clinical trials


  1. Stage 1: Test on small number of healthy individuals-to see if there are any side effects

  2. Stage 2: Test on small group of sick individuals-to see if the drug works

  3. Stage 3: Test on large group - to determine dosage
• Placebo


  A drug that does not contain medicine/fake drug
• Double blind trial/test


  Neither the patient nor doctor knows who has had the placebo and who had the drug
• Peer review


  When scientists check each others work
• structure of the atom


  nucleus:

  • protons
  • neutrons

  shells:

  • electrons