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• Linear Text


  Refers to the traditional text that needs to be read from the beginning to the end. Reader makes sense of the text according to the grammatical and syntactic arrangement of the words.
• Linear Text


  • Novels, poems, short stories, letters, educational texts
• Non-Linear Text


  Opposite of linear text; non-sequential. Reader makes sense of the text in many different paths. Includes text with visuals or graphs.
• Non-Linear Text


  • flowcharts, graphs or graphic organizers
• Hypertext


  Something beyond the text. A series of chunks connected by links that offers readers different pathways. Non-linear or multi-linear, non-sequential, nodal, and allows for the reader's navigation control.
• Ted Nelson coined the words "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1965 and worked with Andries Van Dam to develop the hypertext editing system in 1968
• Hyperlink


  When you type the link of the website you would like to send
• Hypertext


  Foundation of the world wide web enabling the users to click on link to obtain more information
• Different types of hypertext

  • Pictures
  • Video Materials
  • Animated and audio illustrations
• Hypertext


  Text only
• Hypermedia


  Not just text but also have sounds, images, animation, and videos
• Multimedia


  Linking images, videos, sounds, and texts
• Links help users to easily research topic of interests or sometimes come across topics that they might not have been searching for, but that once seen can be a great help to understand what they you were searching for
• 9 Advantages of Hypertext

  • Multiple Paths and Inquiry
  • Individualized Learning Opportunities
  • Reader or learner control
  • Supports the connection ideas
  • Some texts is suited to hypertext
  • Creating new references
  • Critical thinking
  • Ease of Navigation
  • Asynchronous Communication
• Disadvantages of Hypertext


  • Paper based information is more comfortable to read
  • Computer or any gadgets is required
  • Readers dis-orientation
  • Cognitive overhead
  • Causes eye strain
  • Too much control
• Intertextuality


  Shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It is derived from the Latin word "Intertexto", which means to intermingle while weaving.
• A literary work is not simply the product of a single author, but of its relationship to other text and to the structure of language itself
• Any text is constructed of mosaic of quotations
• Types of Intertextuality


  • Allusion
  • Parody
  • Pastiche
• Allusion


  An expression that calls attention to something without explicitly mentioning it. Often called a "passing reference"
• Types of Allusion


  • Historical Allusion
  • Literary Allusion
  • Biblical Allusion
  • Pop Culture Allusion
• Parody


  When one piece of writing uses many of the same elements of another but does it in a new and funny way. It may copy the setting, plot, characters, or other parts of the original work.
• Pastiche


  Borrows elements from one or more works and reconfigures them to create something new. A reworking of an original work but not humorous as parody.
• Types of Intertextuality According to Frank Angelo

  • Adaptation
  • Retro
  • Appropriation
  • Parody
  • Pastiche
• Critical Reading


  Engaging in what you read by asking yourself questions such as, what is the author trying to say?' or what is the main argument being presented? Being able to reflect on what a text says, what it describes and what it means by scrutinizing the style and structure of the writing, the language used as well as the content.
• What Critical Reading Involves


  • What the text says
  • What the text describes
  • Interpretation of the text
• Questions to Guide Critical Reading

  • Questions about the overall text
  • Questions about the truth claims made within the text
• Evaluative Statement


  A way of giving a better explanation to show the strength and weaknesses of something through writing. It presents a value judgment based on a set of criteria. A judgment that can be backed up or supported by valid reasons or proofs.
• How to Formulate an Evaluative Statement

  1. Formulating assertions about the content and properties of a text read

  2. Formulating a meaningful counterclaim in response to a claim made in the text read
• Assertion


  A statement used to make a declaration or to express strong belief on a particular topic. It is a declarative sentence that claims something is true about something else. It is sentence that is either true or false.
• Types of Assertion


  • Statement of Fact
  • Statement of Convention
  • Statement of Opinion
  • Statement of Preference
• Counterclaim


  The opposition you make about the claim of a writer. You must recognize the value of hedges when you state your counterclaims.
• Hedge


  A word or phrase that minimize negative impact of a criticism. It is used to give a corteous tone in your writing.
• Academic Writing


  A formal mode of writing that is intended for an educated audience. It is usually written in the third person objective point of view and makes use of details supported by research, factual experimentation, and strong evidence. It is not based on the writer's own opinions alone.
• Features of Academic Writing

  • Complexity
  • Formality
  • Accuracy
  • Objectivity
  • Precision
• Professional Writing


  A style of writing that is clear, concise, and seeks to convey information and ideas quickly in a professional setting. It is geared towards informing or persuading an audience in the world of work and commerce.
• Difference between Academic and Professional Writing


  • Academic Writing
  • Professional Writing
• Composing Academic Writing: Book Review

  1. Describing and evaluating a work of fiction or nonfiction and offering the book's overall purpose, structure, and style of narration to the unknown readers

  2. Telling not only what a book is about, but also how successful it is at what it is trying to do

  3. Combining skills of describing the content of the pages, analyzing how the book achieved its purpose, and expressing personal comments, reactions, and suggestions
• Book review


  A sneak peek at a book, not a summary. It combines skills of describing the content, analyzing how the book achieved its purpose, and expressing personal comments, reactions, and suggestions
• Writing a book review

  1. Consider the following questions:

  2. Who is the author? What else has the author written? Has the author won any awards? What is the author's typical style?

  3. What type of book is this? Who is the intended audience? What is the purpose of the work?

  4. How does the title fit in? Is it applied well? Does it adequately encapsulate the message?