16 marker

• relationship/tensions with spain

  • san juan de ulua attack - meant drake and hawkins wanted revenge, no slave trade took place for 70 years (because of damage caused or attention was on raiding spanish colonies)
  • referred to as 'el draque'
  • considered anti-catholic because of protestant ceremonies on board
  • spanish called for compensation, elizabeth knighted drake with french ambassadors aboard ship
• trade and conquest

  • met diego (former spanish slave) in south america, helped work with cimarrons to gain spanish gold and silver
  • captured nuestra senora de la concepcion - £480 million worth of treasure
  • presented crown and diamond cross (more than 50,000 ducats to elizabeth in 1581)
  • founded nova albion in 1579, trade links made with spice islands, bought six tons of cloves in maluku islands
  • greater knowledge of south american coast
• advancement in technology/seafaring/knowledge

  • santa maria (portuguese ship) captured; took maps, a rutter, an astroblade, captain Nuno de Silva
  • drake's passage found; route to pacific between africa and antarctica
  • drake's journal included views, maps, information about currents+water depths+dangers about hidden reefs
  • stole spanish rutters (sailing directions) with guillaume le testu
  • corrected errors in existing european maps
• treasure/wealth

  • elizabeth allowed drake £10,000 of gold; became one of the richest men in england and could afford a house in london
  • £40,000 was shared amongst his crew
  • 46 parcels of treasure (5 tons), 650 bars of silver, gold (100lbs) stored in tower of london
• exploration

  • drake planned to explore atlantic coast of southern south america to investigate trading, conquest and settlement opportunities
  • went searching for the strait of anian, passage linking pacific and atlantic oceans
  • found nova albion, friendly encounter with miwok people
• drake's relationship with elizabeth/other patrons

  • elizabeth welcomed drake back and he was later knighted, rejected spanish protests
  • shared stories of his expedition for six hours to audience with queen
  • gave elizabeth samples of gifts
  • she protected him by saying he bought back nothing of value to prevent conflict with spain
  • 1581 - presented crown and diamond cross (50,000 ducats) to elizabeth
  • presented gifts to secretaries of state, gaining respect was important to him
  • considered arrogant, a pirate and in possession of stolen goods by many; had the support of elizabeth
• drake's social status/reputation

  • spain - seen as a pirate+demon, heretic; aroused hatred and fear, also admiration for achievements
  • public - knew of his exploits second-hand, celebrated his knighthood, hero for role in defeating spanish armada
  • crew members - mixed opinions; tryant+murderer, question thomas doughty's excecution in 1578
  • nobility - jealous, disliked that he had risen from lowly family
• england's reputation/status

  • england's navy became one of the most powerful in the world
  • critisism of elizabeths apparent acceptancy of piracy
  • drake's actions meant many feared england at sea
  • england was becoming wealthy
  • influence was stretching to pacific and americas
• circumnavigation - 'age of discovery' to increase wealth and power
• sir francis drake

  • first circumnavigation in a single expedition
  • 1577 - 5 ships to raid spanish ports in america
  • 1578 - executed thomas doughty (rumour of mutiny)
  • 1579 - claims north america for queen
  • 1580 - returns to plymouth and knighted
• how was exploration possible?

  • defences: better weapons, easier to explore hostile territory
  • navigation: astroblade and accurate compasses, easier to judge position
  • technology: better designed ships with triangular lateen sail, much faster