history

• 80% of people were farming in the pre-industrial revolution
• Spinning jenny


  Made textile production faster, which spurred the Industrial Revolution
• Making more textiles


  People started to devise more inventions
• Inventions from the Industrial Revolution help us be more productive in modern life
• Newcomen Steam engine


  Allowed for the usage of electricity and more efficient production
• Why England was able to invent during the Industrial Revolution

  • Learned how to think and invent from the Scientific Revolution
  • Had a small population so had to figure out how to make things on their own
  • Had large amounts of raw materials to invest in infrastructure
  • Steam engines powered by coal allowed for a chain of other items that increased manufacturing
• Wages in London


  Higher than in other parts of England
• India did not industrialize because they had a large population and were able to produce textiles without machines, so their wages were lower
• Effects of Capitalism


  • Companies are owned by individuals, not the state
  • Affected the idea of individualism
  • Business owners allowed people to chase after wealth and compete to create their own wealth
  • Capitalists organized labor into factories and created a division of labor to increase profitability
• Changes needed for an Industrial Revolution

  • Communication has to change (e.g. telephone)
  • Transportation goes through a transformation (e.g. cars, airplanes)
  • Energy needs to come from a different source (e.g. electricity)
• M.A.I.N. Causes of World War 1

  • Militarism
  • Alliances
  • Imperialism
  • Nationalism
• Militarism


  The building up of armies, navies, and weapons such as gases, tanks, and ammunition. A so-called "arms race" had begun in Europe with countries building up their resources for war under the belief that to be great and powerful they needed a powerful military and defense force.
• Alliances


  Major European powers rivaling each other economically and politically, forming alliances like the Central Powers/Triple Alliance and the Allied Powers/Triple Entente. This made it a world war because if your ally went into a war you did as well, creating unnecessary conflict.
• Imperialism


  European nations were extremely protective and competitive over colonies primarily in Asia and Africa, which had already at times nearly caused war, deepening mistrust and rivalry. This also brought countries who essentially had nothing to do with the war into it as they were colonies and often drained of their resources for the war.
• Nationalism


  A sense of extreme devotion to one's nationality, where you believe you are inherently better than others based on your nationality and your country has the supreme right to do as it wishes and can essentially do no wrong. This was a major unifying factor for the previously separated German and Italian states, creating a clear national identity, but it was also a very dividing concept for other groups like Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians, and Romanians.
• The Triple Alliance or The Central Powers was formed primarily by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck who sought to maintain peace in Germany
• In 1890 after Kaiser Wilhelm allowed his Russian treaty to fall through, the Russians signed a defensive treaty with France in 1892 and 1894, and after Kaiser Wilhelm II began a shipbuilding program, the British signed an entente or alliance with France and Russia in 1907
• Events leading to World War 1

  1. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908

  2. Serbian nationalism movement wanted control over this region

  3. Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914

  4. Austria-Hungary presented an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, 1914

  5. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914

  6. Russia declared war the same day, and mobilization began
• Schlieffen Plan


  Germany's battle strategy that called for the quick defeat of France and then the defeat of Russia, but resulted in a bloody stalemate on the Western Front
• Trench warfare during World War 1 was pure misery for the soldiers
• Challenges faced by the Russian army in World War 1

  • Short of food, guns/ammunition, clothes/boots/blankets
  • Only had numbers to their advantage as they could keep throwing out more men from their enormous population
• In March 1917, Czar Nicholaus stepped down due to an ongoing revolution and a shortage of food and fuel, and in November 1917, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin took power and ended the war for Russia
• Unrestricted submarine warfare


  Germany's policy of sinking any ship without warning near Great Britain, including civilian ones, which led to the sinking of the Lusitania and America's decision to enter the war
• Zimmerman Note


  Germany's offer to help Mexico "reconquer" land it had lost to the United States if Mexico would join the Axis Powers, which also led to America's declaration of war
• Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points


  • An end to secret treaties
  • Freedom of the seas
  • Free trade
  • Reduced national armies and navies
  • Reconsidering and adjusting colonies with the consideration of the native people
  • Specific suggestions for border changes and the creation of new nations with the guiding idea of self-determination
  • A general association of nations that would protect nations regardless of size or power, where peace could be safely negotiated
• Key elements of the Treaty of Versailles

  • International peace organizations, originally the enemy and neutral nations were excluded
  • Germany and Russia excluded
  • Alsace-Lorraine to France, the French border will extend to the Rhine River now
  • Germany gives up all its colonies in Africa and the Pacific
  • Limits set on the size of Germany's army
  • Germany can no longer import or manufacture weaponry
  • Germany was forbidden from building submarines or airforce
  • Germany declared solely responsible for the war
  • Germany must pay the allies $33 B in only 30 years for reparations
• The Ottoman Empire now became Turkey as the Ottoman Empire was nearly entirely disbanded and forced to one piece of the territory now known as Turkey
• The Treaty of Versailles was "built on quicksand" and would lead to the next world war as a deep resentment was left behind in a war-suffering Germany with its collapsing economy and being German was something to be ashamed of
• The Versailles treaty was not fair, but it was understandable as those who sought out revenge even the highest ranking British and French representatives most likely at least knew one person who had died, most likely multiple had been injured, disfigured, or permanently mentally scarred
• War had caused people to doubt reason, doubt ideas of human progression/reason, fear the future, doubt religion, and created modernism
• Other nations felt cheated out of their territory, especially in countries where they were mandated rather than given independence
• Americans in particular rejected the Treaty of Versailles because they thought it was necessary to stay out of European affairs to maintain proper order and also disliked Woodrow Wilson's idea of a League of Nations which he never got to promote due to a stroke he endured
• The Versailles treaty was not fair however it was understandable as those who sought out revenge even the highest ranking British and French representatives most likely at least knew one person who had died most likely multiple had been injured, disfigured, or permanently mentally scarred while Woodrow Wilson the idealist who did have the majority of the ideas that would most likely be most successful on long term peace did not suffer as much
• War had caused people to doubt reason, doubt ideas of human progression/reason, fear the future, doubt religion
• Modernism, existentialism, or expressionism

  • Created by the effects of war
• Sigmund Freud


  Believed that many of our actions are irrational or beyond reason or the subconscious, his ideas weakened faith in reason
• Existentialism


  There is no universal meaning to life, one must make meaning in life through the choices/actions one takes
• Existentialist philosophers


  • Jean-Paul Sartre
  • Friedrich Nietzche
• Nihilism


  Rejects moral principle and life is meaningless
• Surrealism


  Art movement that wanted to connect dreams with life, inspired by Freud, surreal means beyond or above reality, eerie dreamlike quality