1800's

• Florence - at the time influence

  Organised the hospitals to improve food, blanket and bed supplies

  reduced the death rate in Crimean war hospitals by 40%

  First women to receive the Order of Merit
• Florence - Long term

  transformed nursing into a respectable position

  Campaigned to improve sanitary conditions in India

  strong female medical role model
• Florence - today

  Made midwifery its own profession

  ward designs

  stressed the importance of healthy diet

  invented pie charts

  set up the Red Cross
• Mr. Lister- what

  drove through Carlisle and saw them using carbolic acid

  used it in surgery and his death rates dropped by 90%

  Father of hygienic surgery
• Simpson - What he did

  experimenting with different anesthetics and found chlorophorm to work (chance)
• Simpson - impact

  Positives:

  allows for more careful surgery

  people are more likely to get surgery

  childbirth is less painful

  Negatives:

  church opposed

  surgeons feel underappreciated so they oppose

  infection rates went up
• Lister - impacts

  positives:

  decreases infection rates

  founded basic principles of antiseptic surgery

  reduced the need for amputations

  negatives:

  doctors did not like it because it sprayed and stung them
• science and tech


  1816 - 1st stethoscope made in Paris

  1830 - microscope with 1000x magnification which allowed you to accurately see the behavior of organisms

  1895 - 1st X-ray
• cholera outbreaks

  1832 - 52,000 died

  1848 - 53,000 died
• Chadwick


  His report:

  • 1842
  • An Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain
  • influenced the Public Health act
  • said that filth, air, water soil and surroundings are a major factor in the spread of diseases

  His other idea: children should not work unless they receive 3 hours of education a day
• Ignaz Semmelweiss

  Correctly told doctors to wash their hands with lime-based soap before acting as midwives, to lower the death rate

  His ideas, even though they worked, were rejected because he was Hungarian in Austria
• Public Health act 1848


  requested councils to provide clean water

  councils need to do more to improve the sanitary conditions
• Queen Victoria uses chlorophorm in 1853 when giving birth to Leopald

  this normalises the use of it during childbirth and shows the reduced influence of the church
• John Snow

  1854 - Broad street pump, proves dirty water causes cholera

  His Grand Experiment shows that the water companies are to blame, done so with his dot map.
• Pasteur

  1857 - he is asked to investigate off-beer and finds germs that cause the beer to go off

  1861 - he publishes germ theory: germs cause disease
• The Great Stink 


  1858

  Londons open sewage system mixed with the hot summer lead to raw sewage pollution the air, causing many cholera cases
• hospitals - positives


  many new hospitals

  1870- 36 specialist hospitals in London

  Nightingale:

  • said nurses should be trained
  • Notes of Hospitals - set out the principles for clean, safe and well ventilated hospitals
  • Garrett Anderson - set up a hospital staffed entirely by women 'New Hospital for Women and Children'
• London Hospital Saturday Fund

  • 1870
  • donations from workmen taken
  • admissions tickets arranged to be used when nessecary