movement analysis

• what are the functions of the skeleton

  mineral storage

  blood cell production

  movement

  protection

  supports the body
• what is the axial skeleton 


  head, vertabrea, sternum, ribs, inoracic cage

  centre of the body

  protects and produces red blood cells
• what is the appendicualr skeleton

  what hangs off the axial skeleton

  limbs - humerus, femur, etc

  movement + muscle attachment
• how are bones formed

  process of ossification (bone growth)

  calcuim is important

  osteopporosis affects bone density in women more than men and can be prevented with weight bearing exercise
• what are long bones for and where do they meet

  movement (e.g. femur)

  meet at joints
• what are short bones for

  multi-directional movement (e.g. carples)
• what are flat bones for

  mechanical protection (e.g. ribs/crainium)
• what are irregular bones for

  provide major mechanical support (e.g. vertebrae)
• what are sesamoid bone for

  protects from additional friction (e.g. patella)
• what are joints 


  bones that articulate
• what is the structure of joints

  synovial joints re freely moveable

  • contain tendons - bone to muscle
  • contains ligaments - bone to bone
• what movements are avalibale at a hinge joint

  flexion and extension
• what movements are avalible at a ball and socket joint

  flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation
• how do bones and joints adapt to exercise

  become stronger

  bone density increases

  bone cartilage increases - more protection

  stronger and thicker ligaments

  high resistance to bone disease (osteroperosis)
• name the muscles at the front of the body

  neck down:

  • sternumclamastiod
  • deltoids
  • pectorals
  • bicep
  • rectus abdominals
  • quadriceps
  • tibialis anterior
• name the muscles at the back of the body

  latissmus dorsi

  rhombois major and minor

  tricep

  gluteus maximus

  hamstrings

  gastrocnemius
• what is the agonist

  prime mover - shortens whcih pulls the bone
• what is the antagonist

  relaxes, lengthens which allows the bone to be pulled and joint action to occur
• what is the synergist 


  stabilises a joint around which movement is occuring, which in turns helps the agonist function efficiently/effectively
• what are fixators 


  stabilises the agonist origin + the joint that the origin spans from in order to help the agonist move effectively

  also helps create movement
• what is an eccentric contraction 


  muscle lengthens under tension
• what is a concentric contraction

  muscle shortens under tension
• what is an isotonic contraction

  whole movement of eccentric + concentric contractions
• what is an isometric contraction 


  muscle length stays the same under tension
• what is flexion


  joint angle decreases
• what is extension 


  joint angle increases
• what is adduction 


  moving a limb into the midline of the body
• what is abduction 


  moving a limb away from the midline of the body
• what is dorsi flexion

  flexion @ the ankle
• what is plantar flexion 


  extension @ the ankle
• what are the plane and axis pairs

  sagittal + transverse

  transverse + longitudinal

  frontal + sagittal
• what is the frontal plane and sagittal axis 


  splits the body into front and back

  movements:

  • abduction
  • adduction
• what is the sagittal plane and transverse axis


  splits the body into left and right

  movements:

  • flexion
  • extension
  • plantar flexion
  • dorsi flexion
• what is the transverse plane and longitudinal axis

  splits the body into top and bottom

  movements:

  • rotational movements (internal + external rotation)
  • pronation and supination
  • horizontal abduction and adduction