BIOANALYSIS

• The living matter is composed of mainly six elements:

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
  • sulfur

  These elements together constitute about 90% of the dry weight of the human body.
• Bioanalysis

  • may be defined as laboratory analysis of biomolecules
• Biomolecules

  • are organic compounds with biological activity, generally important only in biological systems, or cells
• Biochemistry

  • the study of structure and function of biomolecules
• Biotechnology

  • a related concept to biochemistry, concerns the industrial applications of biochemical techniques
• The four groups of biomolecules are:

  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids

  (All four are essential to life and are therefore found in living cells.)
• 4 Groups of BIOMOLECULES

  • All are organic compounds, based on the element carbon.
  • all contain hydrogen and oxygen
• BIOMOLECULES

  • Proteins, nucleic acids, and a few lipids contain nitrogen.
  • Of the four, proteins alone contain sulfur, while nucleic acids and some lipids also contain phosphorus.
• The two most important biomolecules in modern bioanalysis are proteins and nucleic acids.
• Organic compounds accounts for 25 - 30% of the cell weight.
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  • Nucleic acids
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
  • Lipids
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  • Proteins accounts 10 - 20% of the weight of the cell.
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  • Nucleic acids account 7 - 10% of the cell weight.
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  • Polysaccharides usually account for 2 - 5% of the cell weight.
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  • About 3% of cell weight is due to lipids.
  • Lipids content may be higher in adipocytes or fat cells.
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  • Proteins may account more of cell weight in cells like erythrocytes.
• Carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches, contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Carbohydrates are classified according to size as:

  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
• Carbohydrates provide a ready, easily used source of food energy for cells
• Monosaccharides are the smallest carbohydrates.
• CARBOHYDRATES (Monosaccharide)

  • Common examples of aldoses are glucose, galactose, and ribose.
  • Ribulose and fructose are ketoses.
• CARBOHYDRATES (Monosaccharide)

  Common Examples of Ketoses:

  • Ribulose
  • fructose
• Monosaccharides are commonly classified according to the number of carbon atoms in their chemical backbones.
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • A three-carbon monosaccharide is called a triose, five-carbon a pentose, and six-carbon a hexose.
  • Glucose, galactose, and fructose are hexoses, while ribose and ribulose are pentoses.
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • In nature, monosaccharides exist in two forms: rings and open-chain carbon skeletons
• CARBOHYDRATES (Monosaccharide)

  Common examples of aldoses:

  • glucose
  • galactose
  • ribose
• CARBOHYDRATES (Monosaccharide)

  Common examples of Hexoses

  • Glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
• CARBOHYDRATES (Monosaccharide)

  Common examples of Pentoses:

  • ribose
  • ribulose
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • A disaccharide consists of any two monosaccharides covalently linked together.
• CARBOHYDRATES (Disaccharide)

  • Sucrose = glucose + fructose
• CARBOHYDRATES (Disaccharide)

  • Lactose = glucose + galactose
• CARBOHYDRATES (Disaccharide)

  • Maltose = glucose + glucose
• CARBOHYDRATES (Disaccharide)

  • In nature, they tend to be exclusively either plant or animal products.
  • Sucrose (table sugar) and maltose (malt or grain sugar) are produced only by plants, while lactose (milk sugar) is exclusively an animal product.
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • The largest and most complex carbohydrates are the polysaccharides.
• CARBOHYDRATES

  • Polysaccharides - they are polymers, long chains of repeating chemical units.
• CARBOHYDRATES

  Examples of common polysaccharides are:

  • starches
  • plant products that are major macronutrients in the human diet
  • cellulose, found in plant cell walls
• CARBOHYDRATES (Polysaccharides)

  • In the human diet, cellulose is referred to as fiber, indigestible but beneficial for normal intestinal motility
• Lipids

  • All totally hydrophobic (water fearing)
• LIPIDS

  • Most lipids are insoluble in water but readily dissolve in other lipids or organic solvents
• LIPIDS

  The most abundant lipids in the body are:

  • triglycerides (triacylglycerol)
  • phospholipids
  • steroids