90-180

• Arterio-venous difference (A-V02diff)

  the difference in oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscle
• Myoglobin

  stores oxygen in the muscles and delivers it to mitochondria
• Tidal volume will change in what way during exercise

  increase
• Min Ventilation will change in what way during exercise

  Big increase
• Inspiratory reserve volume will change in what way during exercise

  decrease
• Expiratory reserve volume will change in what way during exercise

  slight decrease
• Residual volume will change in what way during exercise

  no change
• adrenaline


  the hormone that increases the breathing rate in preparation for exercise
• Smoking causes:


  irritation of trachea and bronchi

  reduced lung function & increased breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of lungs airways

  damage to the cells lining the airways - leading to the build-up of mucus

  reduction in efficiency of gaseous exchange
• Functional characteristics of muscle fibres

  Contraction speed

  Motor neurone conduction capacity

  Force produced

  Fatigability

  Aerobic capacity

  Anaerobic capacity

  Myosin ATPase enzyme activity
• Structural characteristics of muscle fibres

  Motor neurone size

  Mitochondrial density

  Myoglobin content

  Capillary density
• characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibre

  contraction speed - Slow

  Motor neurone size - Small

  Force produced - Low

  Mitochondrial content - High

  aerobic capacity - High

  Myoglobin content - High
• characteristics of Type IIa muscle fibre

  Contraction speed - Fast

  Fatigability - Medium

  Anaerobic capacity - High

  Capillary density - Medium

  Motor Neurone size - Large

  Motor neurone conduction capacity - Fast
• characteristics of Type IIb muscle fibre

  Contraction speed - Fast

  Fatigability - High

  anaerobic capacity - Very High

  Capillary density - Low

  Myoglobin density - Low

  Myosin ATPase enzyme activity - Very High
• Motor Unit


  a motor neurone and its muscle fibres
• All or none law

  Where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all of the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract. If not, none of them contract. (has to reach threshold)
• Wave summation


  addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contractions with no muscle fibres being able to relax
• Spatial summation


  when the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and the size of the muscle's motor unit
• tetanic contraction


  A sustained powerful muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli
• Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

  stretching techniques that involve combinations of alternating contractions and stretches to improve flexibility
• Muscle spindles


  proprioceptors that detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produce the stretch reflex
• Golgi tendon organs

  proprioceptors that detect changes in muscle tension and begin Autogenic inhibition
• Autogenic inhibition


  where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are Golgi tendon organs
• what are the joint type and articulating bones at the Ankle

  Joint type - Hinge

  Articulating bone - Talus, tibia & fibula
• what are the joint type and articulating bones at the Knee

  Joint type - Hinge

  Articulating bone - Femur & tibia
• what are the joint type and articulating bones at the Hip

  Joint type - Ball & Socket

  Articulating bone - Pelvis & Femur
• what are the joint type and articulating bones at the Shoulder

  Joint type - Ball & Socket

  Articulating bone - Scapula & humerus
• what are the joint type and articulating bones at the Elbow

  Joint type - Hinge

  Articulating bone - Radius, ulna & humerus
• What are the Joint action in the sagittal plane & Transverse axis

  Flexion, extension, hyper-extension, plantar-flexion & dorsi-flexion
• What are the joint action in the frontal plane & sagittal axis

  Abduction and adduction
• what are the joint actions in the transverse plane & longitudinal axis


  Horizontal adduction & abduction
• ATP


  adenosine triphosphate - the only usable form of energy in the body
• List the key points for the ATP-PC system

  uses phosphocreatine (PC) as its fuel

  it's an anaerobic process

  lasts under 10 seconds - high intensity

  it's readily available
• How does the ATP-PC system work

  when creatine kinase detects high levels of ADP, It breaks down PC to release phosphate, creatine and energy. This energy is used to convert ADP to ATP using the released phosphate group
• where is phosphocreatine found

  In the sarcoplasm of the muscles
• what are the 3 stages of the aerobic system

  glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
• Glycolysis


  the breakdown of glucose by enzymes into pyruvic acid
• where does glycolysis occur

  sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
• what is the net ATP for each molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis

  2 ATP
• in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is broken down into which molecule


  acetyl Co A