Applications

• What are affective disorders?

  • Also referred to as mood disorders
  • Have a significant effect on an individual's emotional state

  
  

  Include:

  • Major depression
  • Manic episodes
  • Bipolar disorder (mania and depression)
  • Seasonal affective disorder
• What is the prevalence of major depression?

  • 1 in 5 at some point in their lives and 1 in 20 at any time
  • Affects all age groups but tends to occur more in young people
  • Most common age of onset is 20 but another peak at 30-40
  • Almost twice as many females are diagnosed as they are more likely to report their feelings or doctors more likely to diagnose females - sampling bias
  • All cultures
  • Affects approx 120 million worldwide and in urban areas
  • Can be exogenus (environment cause) or endogenous (internal cause)
• What are the ICD symptoms of major depression?

  • Requires 2 key symptoms present every day all the time for 2 weeks

  Key symptoms:

  • Low mood
  • Loss of interest and pleasure
  • Reduced energy levels

  Other:

  • Changes in sleep patterns
  • Changes in appetite levels
  • Decrease in self confidence
  • Reduced concentration and attention
  • Ideas of self harm / suicide

  etc
• What is a psychotic disorder?

  • From psychoses where patient loses touch with reality
  • Characterised by abnormal perception and thinking
  • Schizophrenia most well known
• What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?

  • 1% of global population
  • Approx 51 million affected
  • Tends to develop in early adulthood and males more likely to be diagnosed as they develop it earlier
  • 25% have one episode and recover
  • Range of subtypes e.g. Paranoid and Hebephrenic
• What are the ICD symptoms of schizophrenia?

  • For diagnosis symptoms must be at least one clear cut symptom for a month

  Positive symptom - added to normal behaviour

  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions - irrational thoughts
  • Agitation

  Negative symptom - lacks normal behaviour

  • Avolition - reduced motivation for activities
  • Alogia - reduced quality of speech
  • Social isolation
  • Cognitive deficits
  • Disorganised thought or speech
  • Thought insertion - thoughts placed in head by someone else
• What are anxiety disorders?

  • Irrational feelings of anxiety and fear about things in the future
  • Physiological reactions such as increased heart rate and stomach problems
  • Includes General Anxiety disorder, OCD and phobias e.g. agroraphobia, social phobia and specific phobias
• What are specific phobias?

  • Strong and persistent irrational fear of something
  • Fear is out of proportion to the risk presented
  • Characterised by taking extreme measures to avoid contact with fear
  • Could be considered clinical if interferes with normal life
  • Most common and affects anyone
• What are the symptoms of phobias?

  • Marked persistent fear or avoidance of specific object or situation
  • 2 symptoms present from list of 14 e.g. pounding heart, sweating, trembling, dry mouth etc
  • Significant emotional distress due to the avoidance or anxiety symptoms which are excessive