emotions

• emotions


  a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behavior. Typically, it serves an adaptive role.
• Fundamental Emotions (Basic Emotions) include anger, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, etc.
• Positive human emotion


  It leads one to feel good about oneself and will lead to an emotionally happy and satisfied result.
• negative human emotion


  The lack of desire to do anything. It includes exhaustion, panic, jealousy, depression, envy, guilt, etc.
• The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and arousal co-occur, while the James-Lange theory suggests that emotion results from arousal. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion (cognition+arousal=emotion).
• predicted by James-Lange theory, patients with spinal injuries that reduce their arousal experience also report decreased emtional responses.
• People who view fearful faces show more amygdala activation than those who watch angry or joyful faces.
• if an individual is experiencing arousal for which he has no immediate explanation, he will label this state in terms of the cognitions created in his environment.
• One way that we perceive the emotions of others is through their nonverbal communication, that is, communication that does not involve words
• Nonverbal communication includes our tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions, and we can often accurately detect the emotions that other people are experiencing through these channels.
• Behaviorist perspective (B.F Skinner)


  It argues that emotions are seen as fictional causes attributed to behavior
• B.F Skinner


  He considers emotions to be constructions of the mind with little scientific importance, suggesting that they do not directly drive behavior.
• The Behaviorist Perspective also acknowledges the problem of understanding emotions and their role in behavior. It suggests that emotions serve essential functions and have behavioral consequences.
• Neurobiologically based emotion psychologists recognize the subjective nature of emotions and develop theories that consider their neural basis.
• Neurobiologically based emotion psychologists


  It argues against dismissing emotions as mere fiction and emphasizes the need for scientific examination of emotions rather than asserting their irrelevance. It references Darwin’s work on emotion, which demonstrated that emotions could be objectively measured, and highlights the ongoing research on the behavioral effects of emotions.
• When experiencing high levels of emotion, such as fear, the individual’s attention becomes focused on the source of the threat, and cognitive processes are halted.
• hedonic tone


  ability to experience pleasure
• positive emotions like love can also pervasive affect the psychological system by flooding it with a positive hedonic tone
• emotions and cognitive activity work flexibly together, resembling a “mixed economy” of the mind. However, when emotions are evoked, the system transitions into a “command-economy” model where all resources are devoted to meeting the immediate challenge, whether favorable or unfavorable.
• “free-market”


  a state of mind where emotions and cognition are disconnected.
• free market


  According to this perspective, the function of emotion is to influence ongoing psychological processes to address the challenges presented by environmental feedback.
• Emotions are involuntary because they are deeply ingrained in our evolutionary biology and serve critical adaptive functions.
• Emotions have evolved as automatic responses to certain stimuli or situations that are biologically significant.
• the involuntary nature of emotions can be explained by their evolutionary origins, their role in human survival and communication, and their close connection to subconscious processes.
• motivation


  a driving force that initiates and directs behavior.
• Motivations are often considered in psychology in terms of drives.
• True


  Emotions and motivations operate out of our conscious awareness to guide behavior.
• The defensive and approach motivation model recognizes that all viable organisms have two primary motivational requirements:


  avoiding harmful or noxious stimuli (defensive motivation) and approaching rewarding stimuli (approach motivation)
• Fear system


  mediates responses to immediate threats
• anxiety system


  anticipates responses to potential threats
• Gray and McNaughton in defensive and approach motivation, three main systems are proposed:

  fight-flight-freeze system, behavioral approach system, and behavioral inhibition system
• Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS)


  This system is associated with immediate responses to threats. It activates rapid and spontaneous reactions to ensure survival in acute danger
• Behavioral Approach System (BAS)


  involves approach motivation and the pursuit of rewarding stimuli. Its activation is associated with positive emotions and reward experience.
• Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)


  detects potential threats and inhibits behavior to prevent harm.
• true


  When people are starving, their motivation to attain food completely changes their behavior.
• The behavior of eating has both biological and social determinants,
• Two areas of the hypothalamus are known to be particularly important in eating.

  The lateral part of the hypothalamus responds primarily to cues to start eating, whereas the ventromedial aspect of the hypothalamus primarily responds to cues to stop eating.
• basal metabolic rate


  determines the weight and the energy expended while at rest.
• sex


  an important human behavior