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• Petroleum

  • Complex mixture of hydrocarbon caused by high Pressure & Temperature
  • Originated in source rock then moved to reservoir
  • Viscous and compressible fluid that could move through thin porous media
  • Each reservoir has unique fluid properties
• Reservoir


  • A combination of rock and hydrocarbon that surrounded by Seal (cap)
  • Reservoir value depends on Quantity and Quality of hydrocarbon
  • Could be found in different locations and depths
  • Each Reservoir (hydrocarbon) has unique signature
• Migration


  1. Primary migration: from source rock to reservoir rock

  2. Secondary migration: from reservoir rock to the trap

  3. The main reason for the migration is the differential pressure, the fluid move always from high pressure area to low pressure area
• Sedimentary rock types


  • Sandstone
  • Limestone CaCO3
  • Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
  • Clay (shale)
• Porosity


  Ratio of pore volume to bulk volume (connected porous)
• Permeability

  • Rock ability to transmit fluids (Gas, Oil & Water)
  • One of the important properties in reservoir system which can not measure directly
  • Firstly, discovered by Darcy
• Saturation


  Ratio of fluid volume to pore volume
• Effective Permeability


  Rock ability to move one fluid if more than one exist
• Relative Permeability


  Ratio of effective permeability to absolute permeability
• Fluid Properties (PVT)


  • Each crude oil in the world is absolutely unique and has its own signature
  • Live oil properties change with Pressure and Temperature
  • Most of the PVT studies done at on the reservoir temperature only
• Compressibility, Co


  Function of pressure, Pressure dependent
• Oil formation volume factor, Bo

  Ratio of vol. @ reservoir condition to vol. @ standard condition
• Solution Gas oil ratio, Rs

  Gas solubility, gas dissolved in oil, Depends on pressure
• Viscosity


  Depends on Hydrocarbon chains, usually use API
• Density


  Depends on Hydrocarbon chains
• Bubble point


  Pressure @ which first gas bubble appears, Refers to pressure at this point: Pb, This point limited the reservoir production, even well completion
• Oil Life


  1. Exploration

  2. Drilling

  3. Production

  4. Completion
• Discover the reservoir


  1. Seismic survey

  2. Drilling exploration wells

  3. Appraisal well
• Development the Reservoir


  1. Logging & surveillance

  2. Facilities & Pipelines

  3. Artificial lift

  4. Perforation strategy

  5. Completion types

  6. Sidetracks wells

  7. Injection wells

  8. Well spacing
• Reservoir Evaluation


  • Open Hole Logging
  • Coring & Core Analysis
• Reservoir simulation is the representation of petroleum reservoir performance using a 3D dynamic model