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4.2
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4.3
ATMOS > 4.2
19 cards
Cards (41)
Parallels
Lines of constant
latitude
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Zonal
flows
Winds
parallel
to
parallels
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Meridians
Lines
of constant
longitude
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Meridional
flows
Winds
parallel
to meridians
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Mid-latitudes
Between latitudes of
30°
and
60°
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High latitudes
Between latitudes of
60°
and
90°
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Low
latitudes
Between latitudes of
30°
and
60°
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Extratropical
Regions not in the tropic (i.e., poleward)
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Extratropical cyclones
Low
pressure centers
outside
of topics
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Atmospheric Circulation
1.
Trade
winds at low latitudes blowing towards the equator in both hemisphere
2.
Intertropical convergence zone
(ITCZ) with hot, humid air and heavy
precipitation
3.
Subtropical
highs at 30° latitude with calm
winds
4. Cyclones and anticyclones in
mid-latitudes
with corresponding weather patterns
5.
Westerlies
dominate the general circulation, with variability from highs and lows
6.
Subpolar
lows at 60° latitude bring
precipitation
and cool temperatures
7. Polar highs near the poles have
clear
skies and
descending
air
8. Polar
easterlies
lie between the polar highs and
subpolar
lows
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Upper-troposphere
1. Stratosphere is
stable
,
trapping
vertical circulations within the troposphere
2. Equatorial
high
pressure creates easterly winds that diverge towards the
poles
3. Subtropical jet of
westerly
winds forms near
30°
latitude
4. Polar jet with meandering westerly winds creates
Rossby
waves at
mid-latitudes
5.
Low
pressure near the
poles
with cyclonic circulation
6. Winds generally blow from the west at all latitudes except near the
equator
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Vertical Circulations
1.
Hadley cells
are vertical circulations of warm rising
air
in the tropics and descending air in the subtropics
2. Trade winds at the bottom and divergent winds at the top, near the
tropopause
, form the
Hadley
cell
3. Updraft portion often contains
thunderstorms
and heavy
precipitation
at the ITCZ
4.
Major Hadley
circulation crosses the equator, with rising
air
in the summer hemisphere and descending air in the winter hemisphere
5.
Major Hadley cell
transports significant heat
away
from the tropics and from the summer to the winter hemisphere
6. During transition months,
Hadley
circulation has nearly symmetric Hadley
cells
in both hemispheres
7. Strong but reversing major Hadley circulation partially cancels itself, resulting in a weak annual average circulation
8. In the winter hemisphere, one or more jet streams circle the earth at mid-latitudes while meandering north and south as Rossby waves
9. In the summer hemisphere, all
circulations
are weaker due to weaker temperature contrast between the tropics and poles
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Monsoonal Circulations
1.
High-pressure
centers (anticyclones) over warm oceans,
low-pressure
centers (cyclones) over hotter continents
2.
Low-pressure
centers over cool oceans,
high-pressure
centers over colder continents
3. These circulations represent
average
conditions over a
season
4. Actual
weather
can vary from these
seasonal
averages
5.
Seasonally-varying
monsoonal circulations superimpose on
planetary-scale
circulation, resulting in a complex global circulation pattern
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Radiative Differential Heating
The global circulation is influenced by
differential
heating, where incoming solar radiation balances outgoing infrared radiation
Significant imbalances occur at
different latitudes
, causing
differential
heating
The flux of solar radiation on the
Earth's surface
depends on the
cosine
of the latitude
Incoming energy adds
heat
to the Earth-atmosphere-ocean system
Infrared radiation emitted from the
Earth-ocean-atmosphere
system to
space
results in heat loss
The
Stefan-Boltzmann
law suggests uniform emission rates around Earth
At
low
latitudes, more solar radiation is absorbed than
leaves
as IR, causing net warming
At
high
latitudes, IR radiative losses exceed solar
heating
, causing net cooling
This differential
heating
drives the
global
circulation
The general
circulation
cannot eliminate all global north-south temperature differences, leaving a meridional
temperature gradient
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Polar regions experience significant
insolation
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Reflections
From snow, ice,
oceans
,
light-colored
land, cloud top
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Outgoing Terrestrial radiation
IR emissions to space originate from
Earth's
surface,
cloud
top, and middle-altitude air
Net IR emissions are based on
absolute
temperature near the middle of the
troposphere
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Net Radiation
Difference between
incoming
solar radiation and
outgoing
terrestrial radiation
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Radiative
Forcing by Latitude
Belt
Imbalance of net radiation between
equator
and
poles
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General Circulation Heat Transport
Atmospheric and
oceanic
circulations that undo the imbalance by removing excess
heat
from equator and depositing near poles
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The magnitude of the "needed transport" curve peaks at about
5.6
PW at latitudes of about
35°
North and South
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Transport Achieved
Satellite
observations of radiation and heat fluxes provide necessary transport data
Ocean
currents dominate heat transport at latitudes 0-17° and ±40°
Asymmetry
of ocean curve across the equator due to different ocean basin shapes and currents
Hadley
circulation in tropics and subtropics, Rossby waves dominate atmospheric transport at mid-latitudes
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See all 41 cards
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