Physics paper 1

    Cards (34)

    • Kinetic: Energy an object has because it’s moving
    • Gravitational potential: Energy an object has because of its height above the ground.
    • Elastic potential: Energy an elastic object has when it is stretched or compressed.
    • Thermal: Energy an object has because of its temperature.
    • Chemical: Energy that can be transferred by chemical reactions involving foods and fuels.
    • Nuclear: Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.
    • Efficiency = useful energy/ total energy
    • The frequency of the mains in the UK is 50Hz and the voltage is 230V
    • Earth wire: Yellow and Green and it’s a safety to stop the appliance from becoming live.
    • Neutral wire: Blue and it completes the circuit.
    • Plastic is used for plug coating as it‘s a good insulator.
    • Live wire: Red and it carries a potential difference of 230V
    • Fuse: A device that melts when the live wire touches the neutral wire.
    • Transformers: Devices that change the potential difference of an alternating current.
    • The current in a diode only flows in one direction - the forward direction.
    • The properties of a solid are:
      • High density
      • Fixed volume
      • Fixed shape (unless deformed by an external force)
    • Properties of a liquid:
      • Lower densities than solids
      • Fixed volume
      • Shape is not fixed so they can flow
    • Properties of a gas:
      • Low density
      • No fixed volume or shape
      • Can be compressed and can flow
      • Spread out to fill all available space
    • When the temperature of a substance is increased, the kinetic store of energy in its particles increases meaning the particles vibrate and move faster.
    • Specific latent heat: The amount of energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance without changing its temperature
    • Specific heat capacity: The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree.
    • Plum pudding model: A cloud of positive charge with electrons embedded in it.
    • Rutherford experiment: Shot alpha particles at gold foil and 1/8000 bounced back which showed atoms have a dense, positive nucleus.
    • Neils Bohr calculated that electrons orbit atoms at fixed distances and these orbits are called shells.
    • The radius of an atom is 1 X 10^-10m
    • Ionisation: The process of an atom gaining or losing electrons.
    • Alpha particles have two protons and two neutrons. They have the highest ionising power and only travel a few cm in air.
    • Beta particles have high ionising power and travels around 1m in the air.
    • Gamma radiation has the lowest ionising power, has virtually unlimited range in air and can only by stopped by a few centimetres of lead or metres of concrete.
    • Half- life: The time taken for the number of nuclei to halve.
    • Ionising radiation: radiation that can knock electrons off atoms, causing them to become positively charged ions
    • Nuclear fission: when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller fragments releasing energy
    • Radioactive decay: the spontaneous emission of alpha, beta or gamma radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope
    • Sievert (Sv): unit used to measure radiation dose
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