Tectonics

• 1.1 The global distribution of tectonic hazards can be explained by plate boundaries and other tectonic processes

  •the global distribution and causes of earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis

  •the distribution of plate boundaries eg divergent, convergent, conservative or oceanic/ continental

  •the causes of intra-plate earthquakes and volcanoes from magma plume
• 1.2 There are theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain plate movements

  •Theory of plate tectonics eg earths structure, mantle convection, subduction, paleomagnetism

  •how the above processes work at different plate margins

  •the physical processes that impact on the magnitude of the hazard eg the Benioff zone
• 1.3 Physical processes explain the causes of tectonic hazards

  •earthquake waves (p,s,l) cause crustal fracturing, ground shaking and secondary hazards eg landslides, liquefaction

  •volcanoes cause lava flows, ash falls, pyroclastic flow and secondary hazards eg Lahars, jökulhaups

  •tsunamis can be caused by sub-marine earthquakes at subduction zones that cause water column displacement