CSP - Week 1 (new)

• Academic disciplines have different perspectives on _____ _____

  welfare states
• Social policy's view of the welfare state

  The PUBLICLY ORGANIZED and FUNDED benefits and services that achieve goals about public welfare, social protection, and earnings/ opportunities
• Social policy examines what?

  • Policy processes and outcomes like redistribution and poverty
  • The management of the welfare state
  • Efficiency of public vs. private
  • Who benefits?
  • What systems work best?
• How is social policy normative?

  Draws on IDEOLOGIES and VALUE JUDGEMENTS about what welfare is, and the appropriate role of the state
• What was a founding text in social policy?

  Richard Titmuss’s essay: the Social Division of Welfare (1976)
• Titmuss was concerned with what?

  Whether social policies REDISTRIBUTE from the better off to the poor
• Titmuss differentiated between 3 types of welfare states:

  1. Residual: limited state role; only provide when market or family fails
  2. Achievement-oriented: state is an adjunct to the market and maintains differences in status/ well-being when people face adversity
  3. Institutional: the state supports citizens with benefits/ services that are not means-tested or stigmatizing
• Titmuss's account led to social policy being focused on the public domain, meaning...

  • Private domain = family
  • Seen as inherently altruistic
  • Should be free from state intrusion
• Titmuss led to an implicit understanding of policy as...

  the male world of STATE and the ECONOMY
• A key social policy issue: the insider/outsider divide

  • Insiders = well-integrated in the labour market
  • Secure employment → strong protections and voice through unions
  • Outsiders = marginalised or less integrated into the labor market
  • e.g., part-time or contract-based workers
  • Less job security and access to social protections
  • Not well-represented, so have less influence in policymaking
  • Strong insider groups (e.g., civil servants) have access to generous welfare programs, while weaker outsider groups rely on family or charity
• 4 inter-related concepts in CSP

  1. Welfare
  2. Welfare regimes
  3. Welfare state
  4. Organised social policy
• Welfare


  Individual and/or collective well-being
• Social policy's understanding of welfare

  • Addressing social problems
  • Meeting needs
  • Distributing resources
• Now, welfare is not really seen as a ___ or statement of ____

  • Goal; conditions
• What terms have replaced welfare?

  Concepts like well-being and capability, which focus on individual agency, are more used
• Organised social policy


  Principles, aims, actors, and systems oriented around 3 core components: social insurance, social protection, and social services
• Social insurance


  Entitlement to insurance against certain risks

  • Tied to employment (i.e., financed by payroll taxes -> earned benefits)
• Social protection


  Benefits and services to prevent and manage situations that adversely affect people’s well-being

  • Protection against needs
  • Pushed by IOs (e.g., ILO and World Bank)
  • Less radical since it reaches most vulnerable
• Social protection often includes _____ _____

  Social assistance
• Social assistance


  A specific type of social protection that provides TARGETED support for immediate need or extreme poverty (i.e., a last-report)

  • Often means-tested
  • Expenditure and coverage is quite low, but provides the baseline of social security below which nobody should be allowed to fall
• Social services


  Services of public good provided on a free or subsidized basis focused on individual well-being and development, family functioning, and community development

  • e.g., education, healthcare
• Welfare state


  Describes situations where the state has a major responsibility for welfare provision via social security systems, offering services and benefits to meet people’s basic needs for housing, health, education, and income
• Welfare states are constructed on different conceptions of social rights

  • Some stress equality and solidarity, others freedom
  • But generally, welfare states exist to enhance the welfare of people (esp vulnerable)
• Why did the term "the welfare state" emerge in the 1940s?

  Post WW2 is regarded as the “start” of the welfare state because of great POLICY INNOVATION and increases in SOCIAL EXPENDITURE BUDGETS
• The state


  A political entity that possesses a centralized government with the authority to govern a specific geographic area
• The state's responsibilities:

  • Maintaining law and order
  • Protecting the rights and well-being of citizens
• The government is the ______ with _____-____ authority within the state

  institution; decision-making
• Why do we focus on the state so much in social policy?

  • Largely due to T.H. Marshall’s 1949 essay Citizenship and Social Class
  • His essay justified the expanding role of the state in welfare
• Citizenship and Social Class

  • Argued that people need civil, political, and social rights to participate fully in society
  • Saw social rights as citizenship rights exactly like civil and political rights
  • To be like these rights, social rights need to be based on citizenship alone and be equal to all
  • The development of citizenship rights evolved over time
• Civic element (18th century)

  Rights needed for individual freedom (e.g., the right to own property, liberty)

  • The rights of the individual to be free, especially in the economic realm
• Political element (19th century)

  Rights needed to exercise political power (e.g., vote)

  • The ability to act as legal individuals and the right to vote
• Social rights (20th century)

  the entitlements and protections individuals have within a society

  • Involves a claim for public transfers, goods, and services not based on the market value of the claimant
  • e.g., the right to education, healthcare, pensions
• Social citizenship


  Whole range of rights, from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security, to the right to live as a civilized being according to a society’s standard
• Welfare regimes


  The CLUSTERING of different DIMENSIONS within CLUSTERS of countries into IDEAL TYPOLOGIES

  • Popularized over the last 20-30 years (Epsing-Andersen, 1990)
  • Moving away from the idea that welfare states were the same → different qualities resulting from different institutions
• Welfare states are made up of a constellation of ______

  institutions: the state, family, and market
• Esping-Anderson’s work noted that social rights granted by _______ involve a _____ of individuals from the market

  citizenship; decommodification
• Decommodification


  The degree to which individuals/families can uphold a socially acceptable standard of living independent of market participation
• Economic models of the welfare state

  1. Keynesian
  2. Neoliberal
• Keynesian approach

  • Government intervention to stabilize the economy
  • Expansionary fiscal policy
  • Focused on full employment and aggregate demand
• Neo-liberal approach


  A role for the state to bring about market-like reforms: financial liberalisation; privatised and marketised social provision

  • Associated with the cut-back of direct state provision
  • Believes the state should underpin the market
  • The state is a FUNDER, not a provider