SHOCK (compensation)

• Compensatory mechanisms


  Occur due to a decrease of tissue perfusion
• Compensatory mechanisms


  1. Decreased stimulation of vasomotor centre

  2. Activating SNS response, which stimulates sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla

  3. Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

  4. Causes vasoconstriction and an increase in HR and myocardial contraction
• Compensatory mechanisms


  1. Decreased arterial pressure

  2. Activation of the endocrine response

  3. Stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH

  4. Causes vasoconstriction and increased reabsorption
• Compensatory mechanisms


  1. Decreased renal perfusion and increases sympathetic stimulation

  2. Activates RAAS, causes the kidneys to release renin

  3. Stimulates angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin-1

  4. ACE converts angiotensin-1 to angiotensin-2

  5. Causes arteriole constriction and stimulation of the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

  6. Allows the kidneys to conserve h2o and Na

  7. Leads to an increase in CO and perfusion
• What are the types of fractures?

  • comminuted (3+ pieces)
  • greenstick (bent/cracked)
  • impacted (broken ends jam)
  • oblique (straight diagonal line)
  • segmental (type of comminuted)
  • torus (buckled)
  • transverse (straight across)
  • spiral (twisted apart)
  • avulsed (piece broken off)

  signs + symptoms:

  P = pain

  D = deformity

  S = swelling + sensitivity

  C = contusions

  I = inability to move

  T = tenderness

  C = crepitus