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• Chemistry


  The science that deals with the structure of matter which is anything that takes up space and has mass, and the study of how atoms can combine to form more complex structures
• Matter


  Anything that takes up space and has mass, made up of atoms
• Atom


  The smallest, most stable units of matter, basic chemical building blocks
• Subatomic particles


  Protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), electrons (negative charge)
• Nucleus


  The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons
• Electron cloud/shell


  The spherical area/two-dimensional representation containing the electrons orbiting the nucleus
• Atomic number


  The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• Element


  A pure substance made up of atoms of the same kind
• There are 92 elements that exist in nature
• Isotope


  A variant form of an atom that differs only by the number of neutrons
• The number of protons in an atom determines its chemical properties and never changes, but the number of neutrons can vary
• Valence shell


  The outermost electron shell of an atom, which determines its reactivity
• Ionic bond


  A bond between atoms of opposite charges, where one atom donates electrons (cation) and the other accepts them (anion)
• Covalent bond


  A strong bond where atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
• Nonpolar covalent bond


  A covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons between atoms
• Polar covalent bond


  A covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons, where one atom has a stronger pull on the electrons
• Hydrogen bond


  A weak polar bond between adjacent molecules, based on electrical attractions between slightly positive and slightly negative charges
• Chemical reaction


  Either new bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken down
• Reactants


  The materials/ingredients put into a chemical reaction
• Products


  The materials coming out of a chemical reaction
• Metabolism


  All the chemical reactions occurring at one time
• Energy


  The capacity to do work
• Kinetic energy


  The energy of motion
• Potential energy


  Stored energy based on position
• Decomposition reaction (catabolism)


  Breaking chemical bonds, e.g. using hydrolysis (adding water)
• Synthesis reaction (anabolism)


  Forming chemical bonds, e.g. using dehydration synthesis (removing water)
• Potential energy


  When a ball begins to roll
• Kinetic energy


  Energy of motion
• Decomposition reaction (catabolism)


  1. Break chemical bonds

  2. Example: A-B broken up into A and B separately
• Hydrolysis reaction


  Add water to break bonds
• Hydrolysis reaction


  • Putting sugar in water and stirring
• Synthesis reaction (anabolism)


  1. Form chemical bonds

  2. Example: A + B = A-B
• Dehydration synthesis


  Remove water to make something new
• Biochemical reactions in cells do not occur spontaneously
• Activation energy


  Energy needed to start a reaction
• Enzymes


  Protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
• Everyday example of activation energy


  • Making a cake from scratch vs using a cake mix
• Nutrients


  Essential molecules obtained from food
• Metabolites


  Molecules made or broken down in the body as a byproduct of metabolism
• Organic compounds of life

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids