Chapter 6 and 7

• Halogen elements:

  1. Fluorine: FLURO
  2. Chlorine: CHLORO
  3. Bromine: BROMO
  4. Iodine: IODO
• Properties of Haloalkanes:

  • High reactivity
  • High boiling points
  • Somewhat soluble in water
• What are alcohols?


  Organic compound that contains at least one -OH
• Properties of alcohols:

  • Have higher boiling points
  • Due to hydrogen bonds
  • Can dissolve in water (If small)
• What are carboxylic acids?

  Organic compounds that contain at least one carboxyl group (-COOH) as the functional group.
• Properties of carboxylic acids:

  • Strong intermolecular force due to higher boiling points
  • Due to polar carboxyl group
  • Can dissolve in water (If small)
  • Can form dimers
• When naming a carboxylic acid:

  Butane --> Butanoic
• When naming an alcohol:

  Propane --> Propanol
• The greater the length of the chain, the stronger the polymer
• The greater the branching of the chain, the weaker the polymer
• Polymers formed by polar monomers contain dipole and hydrogen bonds
• Polymers made of non polar monomers contain dispersion forces
• Polymer properties:

  1. Light and strong
  2. Durable
  3. Versatile
  4. Flammable
  5. Good insulators
• A mole= "Amount of substance" (Unit n)
• Nᴬ is known as Avogrado's constant (6.02 x 10²³ particles)
• 1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 10²³ particles
• Finding the # of mol:

  n= N/Nᴬ

  n: Mole

  N: Number of particles

  Nᴬ: Av. Constant
• Finding the # of particles:

  N= n×Nᴬ

  N: Number of particles

  n: Mole

  Nᴬ: Av. Constant
• Finding the mass:

  m= n×M

  m: Mass (g)

  n: Mole

  M: Molar mass
• Finding the # of mols:

  n= m/M

  n: Mole

  m: Mass (g)

  M: Molar mass
• How to find the percentage composition:

  % (Element 1)= (Mass (Element 1)/Mass (Compound)) × 100
• Empirical formula:

  1. Symbols
  2. Mass (g)
  3. Moles (Mass divided by elements atomic mass)
  4. Ratio (Divide all by the smallest answer)
  5. Convert
• Calculating the relative atomic mass:

  Aᴿ= (Isotope 1 (relative mass× % abundance) + Isotope 2 (relative mass× % abundance))/100