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• Bacteria 


  Single-celled organisms that belong to a class of cells called prokaryotes.

  Have a cell wall, but do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or contain mitochondria.
• Virus


  Simple organisms that consist of genetic material, either DNA or RNA.

  Surrounded by a protective protein ‘coat’.

  They are non-living organisms as they require a host cell in order to reproduce.
• Protozoa 


  Single-celled organisms that display animal-like characteristics, such as movement or feeding.
• Bacteria Size


  Measured in micrometers, which are a millionth of a metre.
• Virus Size


  Measured in nanometers, which are a thousand-millionth of a metre.
• Protozoa Size


  Microscopic.
• Bacteria Replication 


  Replicate asexually, process known as binary fission.

  When a cell is big enough it replicates its genetic material and then divides into two, with each cell containing the same genetic material.
• Virus Replication


  Small - Can get into cells, can reproduce inside by taking over the cells normal reproduction process.
• Protozoa Replicaton


  Reproduce sexually or asexually.

  Most commonly, asexual reproduction through binary fission.
• Bacteria Examples


  E.coli, Salmonella,
• Virus Examples


  Foot and Mouth Disease, Influenza strains
• Protozoa Examples


  Plasmodium (responsible for malaria amoeba),
• Natural Immunity 


  Varying across species, animals will already have immunity to a range of diseases.
• Passive Immunity 


  When an animal is given another animals antibodies.

  Commonly happens between a mother and offspring through feeding with colostrum (the initial form of milk created by a mammal mother).

  Only acquired if colostrum is consumed by a newborn within a day of birth.
• Active Immunity 


  When an animal is infected by a pathogen and develops a disease, the immune system will produce antibodies to kill the pathogen.

  When the animal recovers, the immune system is likely to have learned how to create the correct antibodies.
• Artificial Immunity 


  Vaccination.

  Injecting a small amount of a pathogen into an animal can ensure that it becomes immune to the disease.

  Trains the body to create antibodies.
• Asymptomatic Carrier 


  Animal that carries the disease but does not contract it themselves.
• Anorexia

  • Loss of appetite
  • Avian flu, Swine flu, Tuberculosis, Equine Infectious Anaemia, Leptospirosis, Lyme Disease, Psittacosis,
  • Also could be caused by change in type of food, environment, weather (e.g. hot summer), problems with the mouth, throat or teeth.
• Obesity

  • Excess weight
  • Too much food, too little exercise.
  • Very tired or slow after moderate exercise, visible excess fat around the stomach and rib cage.
  • Increase exercise and examine amount/type of food being fed, including treats.
• Vitamin C


  Primates and Guinea Pigs do not make their own Vitamin C - need dietary sources.

  Scurvy, fatigue and weakness.

  Correct diet for animals that need it.
• B3 - Niacin 


  Cats cannot make enough - need dietary sources (pulses, meat and organs)

  Dermatitis, diarrhoea, oral ulcers
• Selenium Deficiency 


  Common in sheep and cattle who graze on selenium-deficient soil.

  Anorexia, muscular dystrophy

  Treat soil with selenium-rich fertiliser.

  Dietary sources (meat, fish and bread)
• Protein Deficiency 


  Proteins made of amino acids; different animals can make different amino acids.

  Cats cannot synthesise the amino acid Taurine so need it in their diet.

  Impaired vision, tooth decay.

  Found in meat, fish and eggs.
• Arachidonic Acid 


  Essential fatty acid that cats cannot make.

  Poor skin, vision problems, reproductive issues, problems with blood clotting.

  Found in meat.
• Constipation 


  Incorrect amount of fibre, eating non-organic material (e.g. stones), blockage in the colon or anal passage, some medications cause dehydration.

  Straining, crouching, lack of stools.

  Medication (laxatives), treatment of blockages, access to adequate water supplies.
• Urolithiasis 


  (Urinary Stones)

  Caused by a build up of solids in the urinary tract.

  Blood in urine, pain when urinating, frequent urination, straining.

  Invasive surgery, non-invasive surgery (ultrasound), diet changes, medicine.
• Laminitis 


  Affects horses and donkeys.

  Inflammation of the tissues that connect the wall of the hoof to the pedal bone in the hoof.

  Caused by eating too much grass, a result of infection, side effect of some drugs.

  Growth rings on the wall of the hoof, flared out toes, walking cautiously, higher temperature of the wall and sole.

  Drugs, hoof trimming.
• Equine Metabolic Syndrome 


  Caused by insulin resistance - means a higher level of glucose in blood. Leads to abnormal fat deposits in the neck, shoulder, head and above the eyes.

  Fat deposits, obesity and difficulty losing weight, excessive thirst.

  Balanced diet and exercise.
• Vitamin A


  Found in green plants, liver, dairy.

  Night blindness, problems with reproduction, bad condition of hair and skin.
• Topical


  Treatment applied directly to the surface of the body.
• Enteral


  Treatment given internally via the mouth or rectum.
• Parenteral 


  Treatment given internally via injections into the skin, veins or muscles.
• Anaphylaxis


  Severe allergic reaction that can lead to life threatening breathing difficulties.