Reproductive System (Trans Version)

• Orhc/o, orchi/o, orchid/o


  Testis, testicle
• Test/o


  Testis, testicle
• Vas/o


  Duct, vas deferens
• Major organ


  • Testes
• Accessory organ


  • Scrotum
  • Spermatic ducts
  • Accessory glands
  • Penis
• All humans start from a zygote (fertilized egg)
• Gender is determined by sperm from the father
• The SRY (sex determining region of y chromosome) on the Y chromosome codes for a protein so that androgen receptors are produced in a male fetus
• Testosterone and androgen receptors are needed in the fetus for male anatomy to develop
• Egg cell


  X chromosomes
• Sperm cell


  X or Y chromosome
• Twins


  2 sperms
• Testes


  • Belong to the endocrine (producing testosterone) and reproductive systems because they produce testosterone and sperm
  • Descend from the abdomen to the scrotum because of the gubernaculum
• Cryptorchidism


  A condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum
• Testes


  • For the testes to produce viable (buhay) sperm, the temperature of each testis must be approximately 2°C cooler than the core body temperature
  • Each testis is divided into lobules
  • Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules
  • Interstitial cells, located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone
  • The testes are housed in the scrotum
  • The spermatic cord suspends each testis and is composed of the cremaster muscle, the ductus deferens, the testicular artery, and the pampiniform plexus (all work together to suspend the testis and keep the sperm viable)
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)


  Common on elderly, affects urination
• Spermatic ducts


  • Efferent ductules
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
  • Ejaculatory ducts
• Efferent ductules


  Connect the testes to the epididymis
• Epididymis


  Location of sperm maturation and storage
• Ductus (vas) deferens


  Connects the epididymis to the pelvic cavity
• Ejaculatory ducts


  Ductus deferens and a duct from the seminal vesicle combine
• Accessory Glands


  • 2 Seminal Vesciles
  • 1 Prostate gland
  • 2 Bulbourethral glands
• Seminal Vesicles


  Mixture of sugar and protein that makes up 60% semen
• Prostate gland


  Alkaline mixture containing prostaglandins that makes up 30% semen (fluid released during ejaculation, so sperm is part of the semen)
• Bulbourethral glands


  Small amount of slightly alkaline lubricant
• Penis


  • Has an internal root and an external shaft and glans (head of penis)
  • Glans is covered by prepuce (foreskin)
  • Composed of three columns of erectile tissue (Paired corpora cavernosa: Trabecular muscle, Crus, and Single corpus spongiosum: Bulbospongiosus muscle (erection))
• Spermatozoon


  • A single cell with two principal parts—a head and a tail
  • Head contains 23 chromosomes and an enzyme-filled acrosome used to penetrate an egg
  • Tail contains a midpiece with large mitochondria to produce the energy to move the tail's flagellum
  • Flagellum is a thread/hairlike structure for the utility or movement
• Testosterone production


  Ceases few months after birth, returns during puberty
• Puberty


  Starts with making of FSH and LH, ends with first ejaculation of viable (live) sperm
• Hormonal Control at Puberty

  • FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to make ABP or androgen-binding protein
  • ABP and testosterone are essential for testosterone (sperm production)
  • LH is for testosterone via interstitial cells
• Male Secondary Sex Characteristics

  • Skeletal and muscle development
  • Changes in the larynx that cause a deeper voice
  • Axillary and pubic hair with activation of apocrine glands
  • Facial hair and possible thickening of hair on the torso and limbs
  • Aggression
  • Libido (sex drive)
• Mitosis


  One-division process, makes body cells
• Meiosis


  Two-division process, makes gametes
• Crossing-over


  Together with independent assortment in meiosis create new combinations of DNA; for genetic variety in sperm
• Spermatogenesis


  Involves meiosis to form four spermatids from one spermatogonia (1:4)
• Spermiogenesis


  Development of four sperm from four spermatids (1:1)
• Testosterone


  For many tissues it displays positive effects, but negative for the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
• Inhibin hormone


  Produced by sustentacular cells when busy with sperm production, for inhibition of FSH from the anterior pituitary (if too much FSH from the anterior pituitary it can lead to infertility or impotence)
• Pathway of Sperm


  Seminiferous tubules -> rete testes -> efferent ductules -> epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory ducts -> prostatic urethra -> penile urethra -> outside the body
• Phimosis


  Tight foreskin; retraction is not possible