urban futures

• urban growth rates are faster in EDCs and LIDCs than in ACs
• ACs

  From 1750 to 1850 the industrial revolution led to urban growth, mechanisation = loss of jobs and people had to move to urban areas.

  Already large population in London therefore it can't grow much more and is limited by the green belt
• EDCs and LIDCs

  urban growth as rural to urban migration occurs - change in jobs like secondary sector jobs,

  Youthful population are going to have children which leads to natural increase
• china

  0 to 20% urban in 1970

  60 to 80% urban in 2030

  60% change
• a megacity is a city with a population over 10 million ( new york and Tokyo)
• a world city is an important hub in the global economic system (also iconic buildings like how london has big ben)
• london is a financial / economic hub with many banks like HSBC and Barcleys in Canery Wharf. There are also a lot of cultural opportunities such as the O2 in Greenwich which people from all over the world come to play at
• causes of rapid urbanisation - Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia

  • Rapid urbanisation is due to dzuds so animals can't graze, animals are also overgrazing the land as animals are less expensive so people buy more so there is not enough land to go around.
  • people move to the city for mining jobs
  • half of Mongolia's population is under 25 - high birth rate - migrants have children so more children in cities - natural increase - increase in population
  • pull factor = jobs and healthcare
• push factor = poverty and natural disasters
• consequences of rapid urban growth in LIDCs - Nigeria, Lagos, Makoko

  negative consequences of rapid urban growth:

  Disease - due to high population so people are tightly packed so disease spreads easily - typhoid and yellow fever

  growing population of 21 million so not enough houses so people build them themselves on stilts in the lagoon which are unstable and unsafe
• suburbanisation:

  moving from the centre of the city to the outer suburbs of it

  causes - better transport (tubes to London = Piccadilly line from cockfosters) enables people to move out of London but stay connected

  positive consequence - better air quality, better environment

  negative consequence - long commute, still some pollution
• counter urbanisation

  Cause: families move to the countryside looking for a peaceful place to live (elderly) which has less congestion and crime

  Positive consequence - less crime (Cuffley), nicer environment for children

  Negative consequence - increasing demand for houses so prices increase forcing renters out
• Reurbanisation:

  Causes - DINKYs (double income no kids yet) - young rich people looking for new areas where housing is more affordable and can potentially rise

  Positive consequence - multiplayer effect - economy improves, rich, young

  Negative consequence - local people move out if rent goes up
• location:

  London is in the south east of the UK - well connected by motor wats M11 to Cambridge - 3 major airports (Heathrow, Stanstead, and Gatwick)

  It is on the river Thames - key development, that allows London to trade with over countries in Europe and expand out economy due to its close proximity
• patterns of national and international migration:

  Overtime Londonds population has grown and decreases. since 1998 net migration has been stable. this means the number of people moving in is not bigger than the number of people leaving

  Birth rate is higher than death rate due to young immigrants - natural increase
• migration in London and how it affects London

  • migration to Notting Hill from the Caribbean. due to this Notting Hill Carnival was created which is the biggest Carnival in Europe. this has introduced new foods like jerk chicken and new music like reggae which makes london more culturally diverse
  • large Chinese population since 1950 - many restaurants, like the Golden Dragon serving Dim Sum, have opened. this influences other cultures to incorporate this type of food into their own cooking. the main area is china town near Lesister square
• ways of life in London

  culture - Chinese new year, Notting Hill Carnival

  ethnicity - Chinese, Caribbean

  housing - low-rise council housing in Newham vs luxury waterfront apartments in Battersea

  leisure - the west end, clubs in Soho, theatres (the bridge)

  consumption - Westfield shopping centre
• challenges in London: housing

  • growing population can't cater
  • amount of houses is not enough,
  • average rent is twice the UK average and house prices are the least affordable in the world
  • big inequality between housing
• challenges in London : transport

  • roads are frequently closed
  • 1 million passengers arrive by train every day
  • underground is often filled beyond capacity
  • lost of congestion
• challenges in London : access to services

  • healthcare is free on NHS but waiting time has increased
  • best state schools are oversubscribed - the wealthy go to private schools
• challenges in London : inequality

  • London is home to the richest (income of 130,000 in Kensington) and poorest ( income of 38,000 in Newham),
  • the deprived areas have unhealthy lives
• sustainability initiative: BedZED near Croyden

  • It is an eco-town built on a brownfield site
  • 100 homes were completed in 2002 - limited expansion
  • Energy conservation, waste recycling
  • reduced energy loss by 90% through 30cm insulated walls and double glazing - economically and environmentally sustainable
  • only 100 houses built when 40,000 are needed per year, it doesn't have the scale or capacity to implement large scale sustainability - only a small effect on Londonds sustainability - partially successful
• Rosario location:

  along the Parana river

  largest city in the santa fe region

  3rd largest city in Argentina

  national route 9 connects coccaine from Bolivia and marijuana from Paraguey to Argentina - this creates drug rings

  grew in the last 19th century - Argentina's first port to export goods which drew in migrant workers along the Parana

  city developed as a milling and meat packing centre - exported corned beef
• migrants in Rosario: 1800 European migrants, mainly from Italy

  impact on the character:

  • religion - Catholics, Pope Francis is a famous Argentine, Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary = major catholic landmark
  • crime - mafia, associated with the slums in Rosario where there are high rates of unemployment, the homicide rate is 5x the rest of Argentina (570 deaths from 2011 to 2014)
  • architecture - Rosario stock exchange,built in 1919 - rich + grand
  • food - 62.5% of Argentinas population is from Italian decent so 40 Italian restaurants are there (la cantina de bruno)
• migrants in Rosario: 1800 European migrants, mainly from Italyimpact on economy and population growth

  • population growth - in 1926 there were 407000 people and 47% were foreign
  • economic growth - by 1887 there were 50,000 people and 40% were European migrants
• university students in Rosario affect:

  impact on character

  • National University of Rosario specialises in law, 77,000 students
  • lots of bars and clubs for the young like D7
  • radio shows for young people - Todo paso 


  impact on economic and population growth

  • economic - since 2001, more investment has lead to lots more jobs and students
  • population - 77,000 students and Spanish migrants - original inhabitants of Rosario
• how did Rosario develop

  Rosario grew as a city in the late 19th century when it became Argentina's first port to export goods and this drew in migrant workers along the Parana river. however, parts of the river bank became empty and derelict and many chemicals and steel plants closed so unemployment was very high. the city developed as a milling and meat packing centre and exported many products like corned beef
• national migration

  • Rosario has a youthful population. there are many students in Rosario as there is the National Univestiy of Rosario which specialises in Law
  • Rosario attracts migrants from across Argentina as it has a temperate climate and new investment has transformed the city
• challenges in Rosario: social inequality:

  • over 100,000 people in Rosario (10% of its population) live in slums
  • these slums have developed as Rosario grew in an unplanned way and the city's infrastructure could not keep pace with the arrival of migrants into the area
  • many of these slums are next to the main roads (national route 9
  • the population densities in these areas is very high and they lack sanitation and healthcare facilities
  • people do not own the land on which they have built housing
• challenges in Rosario: unemployment:

  • high rates of unemployment have led to riots in Rosario and looting of supermarkets (2001)
  • a number of initiatives have reduced the unemployment rates, over time, since 2001 (Pro Huerta)
• challenges in Rosario: crime

  • the slum areas in Rosario, villas miserias, have high levels of poverty, crime, and drug use. a violent drug war has led to the death of over 570 people between 2011 and 2014 ( Rosario has a homicide rate 5x the rest of Argentina)
  • the two football teams in Rosario, Rosario central and Newell's Old Boys are associated with the slums, villas miserias, and crime
  • the main roads (national route 9) link cocaine producing Bolivia and marijuana producing Paraguay to Argentina and Rosario slum areas export these drugs to the rest of the world
• Rosario Pro Huerta programme: why was it created

  in 2001 1/3 of the workforce in Rosario was unemployed due to the closure of the city's chemical, paper, and steel factories. due to hyperinflation, the price of food has also increased by 400%. in inspiration people looted supermarkets for food. the pro huerta programme aimed to deal with these problems
• Pro Huerta - socially sustainable

  • it means pro-garden. it aimed to produce food locally at a small scape usually along railways and highways that aren't being used
  • there are now over 800 community gardens in Rosario supporting over 40,000 people
  • 2/3 of these gardeners are women
• Pro Huerta - environmentally and economically sustainable

  • low-income families involved in farming were earning from sales US$150 per month which was well above the poverty line. the food was sold in urban farmers' markers
  • the vegetables grown are 100% organic and chemical-free. crops are planted in rotation to prevent pest attacks and diseases
  • plots are assigned annually, free of charge to gardeners in return for a guarantee that they will grow crops continuously throughout the year. the majority of gardeners come from nearby low-income neighborhoods.
• In Rosario the Pro Huerta programme is economically sustainable because food in shops are increased by 400% so this programme allows the low income families to grow their own food and earn US$150 per month which is well over the poverty line - giving them a stable income that the government can't provide

  it is also environmentally sustainable as the vegetables and aromatic plants (sage and rosemary) are 100% organic and chemical-free and prevent pest attacks and disease meaning that healthier foods are being consumed and chemicals won't contaminate
• BedZED is environmentally sustainable becuse it conserves water. Green rooves are covered with sedum, these rooves collect large quantities of rainwater which reduces flood risk + used for flushing toilets, instead of using potable water. this reduces the amount of water needing to be piped to housing, reducing water stress. this is shown as BedZED uses 58% less water than average British home

  Not socially sustainable as it's only 100 homes and 40,000 houses are needed in London. BedZED does not have the scale or capacity to implement large scale sustainability in an effective way for London
• 1950 - migration into Notting hill from the Caribbean. due to this Notting Hill Carnival has been created which is the biggest Carnival in Europe. this has introduced new foods such as jerk chicken and making reggae music heard throughout London, = more culturally diverse place

  also there is now a large Chinese population in chinatwon since 1950 in leister square which has led to the opening of many aisea restaurants in that area e.g. Imperial China which serves Dim Sum. this has influenced cultures to incorporate this type of food into their own cooking.