controlling reproduction

• define contraception


  Any method used to prevent pregnancy
• what are the 2 types of contraception?

  Non hormonal and hormonal
• what are non hormonal methods of contraception?

  Barrier methods that prevent a sperm contacting the egg or physical devices that release chemical compounds which then kill sperm cells or prevent the implantation of fertilised eggs
• what do hormonal methods do?

  Use hormones to disrupt the normal female reproductive cycle
• describe what a condom does?

  A non hormonal type of contraception, it is placed over the penis or inside the vagina which stops sperm from entering the vagina, it can also prevent the spread of STIs
• what does a diaphragm or cervical cap do?

  It is non hormonal, inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix, prevents sperm cells from entering that uterus and is removed after 6 or more hours following sexual intercourse. it is non effective unless used in combination with a spermicide
• what does an intrauterine device (IUD/coil) do?

  Is a non hormonal type of contraception, is inserted into the uterus then releases copper which prevents sperm from surviving in the uterus and fallopian tubes, can also prevent the implantation of a fertilised ovum. it remains effective for 5-10 years
• describe what the oestrogen and progesterone (combined) pill does?

  It is hormonal, and prevents ovulation. it thickens mucus from the cervix which stops sperm from reaching an ovum, it also prevents the implantation of a fertilised egg into the uterus wall. it is taken daily for 21 days of the menstrual cycle
• describe how the progesterone pill works?

  It is hormonal, thickens mucus from the cervix, stops the sperm from reaching an ovum, it also thins the lining of the uterus which prevents implantation and can prevent ovulation. it must be taken at around the same time every day
• what does an intrauterine system (IUS/hormonal coil) do?

  Is hormonal, is inserted into the uterus and has the same effect on the body as the progesterone only pill. it remains effective for 3-5 years
• what is one advantage of a condom above other contraceptive methods?

  It stops STIs from being transmitted
• how is the effectiveness of contraceptive methods measured?

  As percentage effectiveness per year, it predicts the number of women per 100 women per year for which the method will prevent pregnancy
• what is the effectiveness of a male condom?

  98%
• what is the effectiveness of a female condom?

  95%
• what is the effectiveness of the diaphragm and cap?

  92-96%
• what is the effectiveness of the intrauterine device?

  Over 99%
• what is the effectiveness of the oestrogen and progesterone pill?

  Over 99%
• what is the effectiveness of the progesterone only pill?

  Over 99%
• what is the effectiveness of the intrauterine system?

  Over 99%